81381-89-7Relevant academic research and scientific papers
Carbonylation of diols and their ethers and esters with ruthenium catalysts: synthesis of lactones and hydroxyacids ethers and esters
Braca, G.,Sbrana, G.,Galletti, A. M. Raspolli,Berti, S.
, p. 245 - 258 (1988)
Diols and their formic or acetic esters can be carbonylated to give lactones or the corresponding hydroxyacid ester or ethers in the presence of carbonylruthenium iodide systems. -/alkyl or metal iodide, at a temperature of 200 deg C and CO pressure of 10-20 MPa.The reaction in the case of 1,3-propanediol gives γ-butyrolactone, with a selectivity of 60-70 percent.Side reactions of homologation to 1,4-butanediol derivatives and hydrogenolysis to n-propyl derivatives by H2 produced by the water gas shift reaction (WGSR) also occur, together with acid-catalyzed dehydration to give linear polypropylene glycols, α,ω-diols with more than 3 carbon atoms in the chain preferentially give hydroxyacid esters and ethers.The cyclic ether by-products and linear polyether by-products can be further activated and carbonylated under the reaction conditions to give lactones or hydroxy-acid derivatives thus increasing the total yield of carbonylation products.The formation of H2 by WGSR involving water produced by the acid-catalyzed dehydration reactions, and the subsequent hydrogenolysis and homologation reactions cannot be avoided.
Aqueous-phase hydrogenation of biomass-derived itaconic acid to methyl-γ-butyrolactone over Pd/C catalysts: Effect of pretreatments of active carbon
Li, Sha,Wang, Xicheng,Liu, Xiaoran,Xu, Guoqiang,Han, Sheng,Mu, Xindong
, p. 92 - 96 (2015/07/27)
The effect of active carbon pretreatment on the catalytic performance of Pd/C catalysts in the hydrogenation of itaconic acid was studied. The catalysts were prepared by deposition-precipitation and characterized by XRD, BET, NH3-TPD, TEM and F
