84-82-2Relevant academic research and scientific papers
Biochemical Characterization and Structural Basis of Reactivity and Regioselectivity Differences between Burkholderia thailandensis and Burkholderia glumae 1,6-Didesmethyltoxoflavin N-Methyltransferase
Fenwick, Michael K.,Almabruk, Khaled H.,Ealick, Steven E.,Begley, Tadhg P.,Philmus, Benjamin
, p. 3934 - 3944 (2017)
Burkholderia glumae converts the guanine base of guanosine triphosphate into an azapteridine and methylates both the pyrimidine and triazine rings to make toxoflavin. Strains of Burkholderia thailandensis and Burkholderia pseudomallei have a gene cluster encoding seven putative biosynthetic enzymes that resembles the toxoflavin gene cluster. Four of the enzymes are similar in sequence to BgToxBCDE, which have been proposed to make 1,6-didesmethyltoxoflavin (1,6-DDMT). One of the remaining enzymes, BthII1283 in B. thailandensis E264, is a predicted S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent N-methyltransferase that shows a low level of sequence identity to BgToxA, which sequentially methylates N6 and N1 of 1,6-DDMT to form toxoflavin. Here we show that, unlike BgToxA, BthII1283 catalyzes a single methyl transfer to N1 of 1,6-DDMT in vitro. In addition, we investigated the differences in reactivity and regioselectivity by determining crystal structures of BthII1283 with bound S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) or 1,6-DDMT and SAH. BthII1283 contains a class I methyltransferase fold and three unique extensions used for 1,6-DDMT recognition. The active site structure suggests that 1,6-DDMT is bound in a reduced form. The plane of the azapteridine ring system is orthogonal to its orientation in BgToxA. In BthII1283, the modeled SAM methyl group is directed toward the p orbital of N1, whereas in BgToxA, it is first directed toward an sp2 orbital of N6 and then toward an sp2 orbital of N1 after planar rotation of the azapteridine ring system. Furthermore, in BthII1283, N1 is hydrogen bonded to a histidine residue whereas BgToxA does not supply an obvious basic residue for either N6 or N1 methylation.
Characterization of the: N -methyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of toxoflavin, fervenulin and reumycin from Streptomyces hiroshimensis ATCC53615
Su, Can,Yan, Yijun,Guo, Xiaowei,Luo, Jianying,Liu, Chongxi,Zhang, Zhouxin,Xiang, Wen-Sheng,Huang, Sheng-Xiong
supporting information, p. 477 - 481 (2019/01/24)
Toxoflavin (1), fervenulin (2), and reumycin (3), known to be produced by plant pathogen Burkholderia glumae BGR1, are structurally related 7-azapteridine antibiotics. Previous biosynthetic studies revealed that N-methyltransferase ToxA from B. glumae BGR1 catalyzed the sequential methylation at N6 and N1 in pyrimido[5,4-e]-as-triazine-5,7(6H,8H)-dione (4) to generate 1. However, the N8 methylation of 4 in the biosynthesis of fervenulin remains unclear. To explore the N-methyltransferases required for the biosynthesis of 1 and 2, we identified and characterized the fervenulin and toxoflavin biosynthetic gene clusters in S. hiroshimensis ATCC53615. On the basis of the structures of intermediates accumulated from the four N-methyltransferase gene inactivation mutants and systematic enzymatic methylation reactions, the tailoring steps for the methylation order in the biosynthesis of 1 and 2 were proposed. The N-methylation order and routes for the biosynthesis of fervenulin and toxoflavin in S. hiroshimensis are more complex and represent an obvious departure from those in B. glumae BGR1.
Convenient synthesis of toxoflavin that targets β-catenin/TCF4 signaling activities
Mao, Yongjun,Tian, Wang,Huang, Ziwei,An, Jing
, p. 594 - 597 (2014/06/10)
A rapid and improved route for synthesis of toxoflavin, an antibiotic and antitumor agent, is described. The method uses easily obtained materials and simple and practical reactions, including chlorination, condensation, and diazotization to produce toxoflavin in five steps with 14.2% yield and 98.6% purity (HPLC). This synthetic toxoflavin effectively inhibited β-catenin/Tcf4 driven TOP-luciferase activity with an IC50 of less than 0.5 μM and induced colon cancer cell death in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 of 0.29 μM.
Investigation of 3-aryl-pyrimido[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazine-5,7-diones as small molecule antagonists of β-catenin/TCF transcription
Zeller, J?rg,Turbiak, Anjanette J.,Powelson, Ian A.,Lee, Surin,Sun, Duxin,Showalter, H.D. Hollis,Fearon, Eric R.
supporting information, p. 5814 - 5820 (2013/10/22)
Nearly all colorectal cancers (CRCs) and varied subsets of other cancers have somatic mutations leading to β-catenin stabilization and increased β-catenin/TCF transcriptional activity. Inhibition of stabilized β-catenin in CRC cell lines arrests their growth and highlights the potential of this mechanism for novel cancer therapeutics. We have pursued efforts to develop small molecules that inhibit β-catenin/TCF transcriptional activity. We used xanthothricin, a known β-catenin/TCF antagonist of microbial origin, as a lead compound to synthesize related analogues with drug-like features such as low molecular weight and good metabolic stability. We studied a panel of six candidate Wnt/β-catenin/Tcf- regulated genes and found that two of them (Axin2, Lgr5) were reproducibly activated (9-10 fold) in rat intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) following β-catenin stabilization by Wnt-3a ligand treatment. Two previously reported β-catenin/TCF antagonists (calphostin C, xanthothricin) and XAV939 (tankyrase antagonist) inhibited Wnt-activated genes in a dose-dependent fashion. We found that four of our compounds also potently inhibited Wnt-mediated activation in the panel of target genes. We investigated the mechanism of action for one of these (8c) and demonstrated these novel small molecules inhibit β-catenin transcriptional activity by degrading β-catenin via a proteasome-dependent, but GSK3β-, APC-, AXIN2- and βTrCP-independent, pathway. The data indicate the compounds act at the level of β-catenin to inhibit Wnt/β-catenin/TCF function and highlight a robust strategy for assessing the activity of β-catenin/TCF antagonists.
The facile synthesis of 6-azapurines by transformation of toxoflavins (7-azapteridines)
Nagamatsu, Tomohisa,Ma, Jun,Yoneda, Fumio
body text, p. 849 - 854 (2010/10/03)
This paper describes a reliable and facile synthesis of 6-azapurines (1,5-dimethyl-1H imidazo[4,5-e][1,2,4]triazin-6(5H)-ones) by treatment of toxoflavins (7-azapteridines) with 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide at 5-25 °C along with a benzilic acid type rearr
