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Usage

Uses

Used in Pharmaceutical Industry:
1-[2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2,3-epoxypropyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole is used as an impurity in the production of the antifungal agent Fluconazole (F421000) for its antifungal properties. It plays a role in the synthesis process of Fluconazole, contributing to its effectiveness in treating fungal infections.

InChI:InChI=1/C11H9F2N3O/c12-8-1-2-9(10(13)3-8)11(5-17-11)4-16-7-14-6-15-16/h1-3,6-7H,4-5H2

Upstream product

• 1030268-24-6 trimethylsulphoxonium iodide 
• 86404-63-9 1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazolyl)ethanone 
• 70775-39-2 dimethylsulfoxonium methylide 
• 51336-94-8 2-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethanone 
• 372-18-9 1,3-Difluorobenzene 
• 2181-42-2 trimethylsulphonium iodide 
• 57-09-0 cetyltrimethylammonim bromide 
• 118689-07-9 (S)-(+)-2(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-3-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1,2-propanediol 
• 1774-47-6 trimethylsulfoxonium iodide 

Downstream Products

• 205435-16-1 1-[2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl]-1-ethyl-1-methylhydrazinium inner salt 
• 205434-84-0 1-amino-1-[2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl]hexahydropyridinium inner salt 
• 205434-82-8 1-[2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl]-1,1-dimethylhydrazinium inner salt 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Voriconazole synthesis process

The invention discloses a synthesis process of voriconazole bulk drug, which comprises the following steps: preparing halogenated ethyl fluorouracil and carrying out Grignard reaction. 2 - (2, 4 - Difluorophenyl) -3 - (1, 2, 4 - triazol -1 -yl) -1, 2 - propylene glycol was oxidized to give a propylene oxide compound. The Grignard reagent and the propylene oxide compound are mixed and reacted to obtain voriconazole. To the synthesis process, the reaction steps can be simplified, the dehydrochlorination and hydrogenolysis of palladium carbon are not needed, the reaction period is shortened, and furthermore, the energy consumption is reduced, the cost is reduced, and voriconazole and the racemate thereof are obtained with higher yield.

Azole-triphenylphosphonium conjugates combat antifungal resistance and alleviate the development of drug-resistance

Azole antifungals are commonly used to treat fungal infections but have resulted in the occurrence of drug resistance. Therefore, developing azole derivatives (AZDs) that can both combat established drug-resistant fungal strains and evade drug resistance is of great importance. In this study, we synthesized a series of AZDs with a fluconazole (FLC) skeleton conjugated with a mitochondria-targeting triphenylphosphonium cation (TPP+). These AZDs displayed potent activity against both azole-sensitive and azole-resistant Candida strains without eliciting obvious resistance. Moreover, two representative AZDs, 20 and 25, exerted synergistic antifungal activity with Hsp90 inhibitors against C. albicans strains resistant to the combination treatment of FLC and Hsp90 inhibitors. AZD 25, which had minimal cytotoxicity, was effective in preventing C. albicans biofilm formation. Mechanistic investigation revealed that AZD 25 inhibited the biosynthesis of the fungal membrane component ergosterol and interfered with mitochondrial function. Our findings provide an alternative approach to address fungal resistance problems.

TRIAZOLE DERIVATIVES WITH ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY

Disclosed are compounds of the formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein R1, R2, Q2, L1 and n are as defined herein. The compounds have antifungal properties and are useful in the treatment of fungal infections, including infections that are resistant to conventions anti-fungal agents. Q1 is selected from: (Formulae Ia, Ib, Ic, Id, Ie, If, Ig, Ih, Ii, Ij and Ik) wherein * indicates the point of attachment to L1.

Triazole compounds, preparation method and application of triazole compounds in antifungal drugs

The invention discloses a series of novel triazole compounds obtained by coupling a triazole drug skeleton and diversified lipophilic cations through different chains, and also discloses a preparationmethod of the compounds and application of the compound

Antibacterial drug and preparation method thereof

The invention discloses an antibacterial drug. The antibacterial drug is 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-3-(1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-1-yl)-2-propanol, the compound is obtained by modifyingfluconazole and introducing a tetrazole ring. Compared with fluconazole, the compound has wider antimicrobial activity spectrum. The invention also discloses a preparation method of the antibacterialdrug. The method comprises the step of introducing the tetrazole ring to obtain 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-3-(1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-1-yl)-2-propanol on the basis of retaining moststructures with drug effects on fluconazole.

Synthesis, optimization, antifungal activity, selectivity, and cyp51 binding of new 2-aryl-3-azolyl-1-indolyl-propan-2-ols

A series of 2-aryl-3-azolyl-1-indolyl-propan-2-ols was designed as new analogs of fluconazole (FLC) by replacing one of its two triazole moieties by an indole scaffold. Two different chemical approaches were then developed. The first one, in seven steps, involved the synthesis of the key intermediate 1-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)methyl-1H-indole and the final opening of oxiranes by imidazole or 1H-1,2,4-triazole. The second route allowed access to the target compounds in only three steps, this time with the ring opening by indole and analogs. Twenty azole derivatives were tested against Candida albicans and other Candida species. The enantiomers of the best anti-Candida compound, 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(1H-indol-1-yl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-propan-2-ol (8g), were analyzed by X-ray diffraction to determine their absolute configuration. The (?)-8g enantiomer (Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = IC80 = 0.000256 μg/mL on C. albicans CA98001) was found with the S-absolute configuration. In contrast the (+)-8g enantiomer was found with the R-absolute configuration (MIC = 0.023 μg/mL on C. albicans CA98001). By comparison, the MIC value for FLC was determined as 0.020 μg/mL for the same clinical isolate. Additionally, molecular docking calculations and molecular dynamics simulations were carried out using a crystal structure of Candida albicans lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CaCYP51). The (?)-(S)-8g enantiomer aligned with the positioning of posaconazole within both the heme and access channel binding sites, which was consistent with its biological results. All target compounds have been also studied against human fetal lung fibroblast (MRC-5) cells. Finally, the selectivity of four compounds on a panel of human P450-dependent enzymes (CYP19, CYP17, CYP26A1, CYP11B1, and CYP11B2) was investigated.

Fluconazole analogues with metal-binding motifs impact metal-dependent processes and demonstrate antifungal activity in Candida albicans

Abstract: Azole antifungals are an important class of antifungal drugs due to their low cost, ability to be administered orally, and broad-spectrum activity. However, their widespread and long-term use have given rise to adaptation mechanisms that render these compounds less effective against common fungal pathogens, including Candida albicans. New antifungals are desperately needed as drug-resistant strains become more prevalent. We recently showed that copper supplementation potentiates the activity of the azole antifungal fluconazole against the opportunistic fungal pathogen C. albicans. Here, we report eight new azole analogues derived from fluconazole in which one triazole group has been replaced with a metal-binding group, a strategy designed to enhance potentiation of azole antifungal activity by copper. The bioactivity of all eight compounds was tested and compared to that of fluconazole. Three of the analogues showed activity against C. albicans and two had lower levels of trailing growth. One compound, Flu-TSCZ, was found to impact the levels, speciation, and bioavailability of cellular metals. Graphic abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]

Antifungal activity, mode of action variability, and subcellular distribution of coumarin-based antifungal azoles

Azole antifungals inhibit the biosynthesis of ergosterol, the fungal equivalent of cholesterol in mammalian cells. Here we report an investigation of the activity of coumarin-substituted azole antifungals. Screening against a panel of Candida pathogens, including a mutant lacking CYP51, the target of antifungal azoles, revealed that this enzyme is inhibited by triazole-based antifungals, whereas imidazole-based derivatives have more than one mode of action. The imidazole-bearing antifungals more effectively reduced trailing growth associated with persistence and/or recurrence of fungal infections than triazole-based derivatives. The imidazole derivatives were more toxic to mammalian cells and more potently inhibited the activity of CYP3A4, which is one of the main causes of azole toxicity. Using live cell imaging, we showed that regardless of the type of azole ring fluorescent 7-diethylaminocoumarin-based azoles localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, the organelle that harbors CYP51. This study suggests that the coumarin is a promising scaffold for development of novel azole-based antifungals that effectively localize to the fungal cell endoplasmic reticulum.

New potent antifungal triazole alcohols containing N-benzylpiperazine carbodithioate moiety: Synthesis, in vitro evaluation and in silico study

A number of 1H-1,2,4-triazole alcohols containing N-(halobenzyl)piperazine carbodithioate moiety have been designed and synthesized as potent antifungal agents. In vitro bioassays against different Candida species including C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis revealed that the N-(4-chlorobenzyl) derivative (6b) with MIC values of 0.063–0.5 μg/mL had the best profile of activity, being 4–32 times more potent than fluconazole. Docking simulation studies confirmed the better fitting of compound 6b in the active site of lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) enzyme, the main target of azole antifungals. Particularly, the potential of compound 6b against fluconazole-resistant isolates along with its minimal toxicity against human erythrocytes and HepG2 cells make this prototype compound as a good lead for discovery of potent and safe antifungal agents.

Novel carbazole-triazole conjugates as DNA-targeting membrane active potentiators against clinical isolated fungi

A series of carbazole-triazole conjugates were designed, synthesized and characterized by IR, NMR, and HRMS spectra. Biological assay showed that most of the synthesized compounds exhibited moderate and even strong antifungal activities, especially 3,6-dibromocarbazolyl triazole 5d displayed excellent inhibitory efficacy against most of the tested fungal strains (MIC = 2–32 μg/mL) and effectively fungicidal ability towards C. albicans, C. tropicals and C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019 (MFC = 4–8 μg/mL). Its combination use with fluconazole could enhance the antifungal efficacy, and compound 5d also did not obviously trigger the development of resistance in C. albicans even after 10 passages. Preliminary mechanism study revealed that the active molecule 5d could depolarize fungal membrane potential and intercalate into DNA to possibly block DNA replication, thus possibly exhibiting its powerful antifungal abilities. Conjugate 5d could interact with HSA, which was constructive for the further design, modification and screening of drug molecules. Docking investigation demonstrated a non-covalent binding of 5d with CYP51 through hydrogen bond and hydrophobicity. These results strongly suggested that compound 5d could act as a potential template for the development of promising antifungal drugs.