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• 1145-01-3 3,5-Diphenylpyrazole 
• 1088-02-4 triphenylgallane 
• 108-88-3 toluene 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Synthesis, structure, bridge - Terminal exchange kinetics, and molecular orbital calculations of pyrazolate-bridged digallium complexes containing bridging phenyl groups

Gallium complexes containing bridging phenyl groups were prepared and characterized. Treatment of triphenylgallium with 3,5-dimethylpyrazole, 3,5-diphenylpyrazole, or 3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazole in a 2:1 stoichiometry afforded the phenyl-bridged complexes (C6H5)2Ga(μ-Me2pz)(μ-C6H5)Ga(C6H5)2 (62%), (C6H5)2Ga(μ-Ph2pz)(μC6H5)Ga(C6H5)2·C7H8 (62%), or (C6H5)2Ga(μ-tBu2pz)(μ-C6H5)Ga(C6H5)2 (40%), respectively, as colorless or off-white crystalline solids. These complexes were characterized by spectral and analytical methods, X-ray crystallography, bridge-terminal exchange kinetics, and molecular orbital calculations for simplified models. The molecular structure of (C6H5)2Ga(μ-Me2pz)(μ-C6H5)Ga(C6H5)2 consists of a dimethylpyrazolato ligand with a diphenylgallium group bonded to each nitrogen atom. A phenyl group acts as a bridge between the two gallium atoms. The kinetics of bridge-terminal phenyl exchange was determined by 13C NMR spectroscopy between -30 and +30 °C, and afforded the following range of activation parameters: ?H = 6.0-8.9 kcal/mol, ?S = -23.1 to -32.0 eu, and ?G(298) = 15.5-15.8 kcal/mol. The large, negative values of ΔS imply ordered transition states relative to the ground state, and rotation along the N-GaPh3 vector without gallium-nitrogen bond cleavage. Molecular orbital calculations were conducted at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level of theory on the simplified model H2Ga(μ-pz)(μ-C6H5)GaH2. The predicted out-of-plane phenyl group orientation arises from electronic interactions, in which hybridized orbitals on the phenyl group create delocalized molecular orbitals. However, the energy difference between a planar Ga2N2C ring and one with the bent carbon atom is only 1.77 kcal/mol, implying that the molecular orbitals provide little stabilization to the out-of-plane phenyl ligand. The combined results suggest that the close proximity of the gallium atoms is the principal determinant of the bridging phenyl interactions, and that complexes of the heavier group 13 elements with bridging hydrocarbon ligands are likely to be more accessible than the current state of the literature would suggest. Copyright

Synthesis, structure, and bridge-terminal exchange kinetics of pyrazolate-bridged digallium and diindium complexes containing bridging phenyl groups

Treatment of triphenylgallium with 3,5-dimethylpyrazole, 3,5-diphenylpyrazole, or 3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazole in a 2:1 stoichiometry afforded the phenyl-bridged complexes (C6H5) 2Ga(μ-Me2pz)(μ-C6H5)Ga(C 6H5)2 (62%), (C6H5) 2Ga(μ-Ph2pz)(μ-C6H5)Ga(C 6H5)2·C7H8 (62%), and (C6H5)2Ga(μ-tBu2pz)(μ- C6H5)Ga(C6H5)2 (40%), respectively, as colorless or off-white crystalline solids. Treatment of triphenylindium with 3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazole in a 2:1 stoichiometry afforded the phenyl-bridged complex (C6H5)2In(μ- tBu2pz)-(μ-C6H5) In (C6H 5)2 · (C6H14)0.5 (40%). The molecular structures of (C6H5) 2Ga(μ-Ph2pz)(μ-C6H5)Ga (C 6H5)2·C7H8, (C6H5)2 Ga (μ-tBu2-pz)(μ- C6H5)Ga(C6H5)2 · (C6H14)0.5, and (C6H 5)2 In (μ-tBu2pz)(μ-C6H 5) In (C6H5)2 · (C 6H14)0.5 consist of a 3,5-disubstituted pyrazolato ligand with a diphenylgallio or diphenylindio group bonded to each nitrogen atom. A phenyl group acts as a bridge between the two metal atoms. By contrast, treatment of triphenylgallium with 3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazole in a 1:1 stoichiometry or triphenylindium with 3,5-diphenylpyrazole or 3,5-dimethylpyrazole in 2:1 or 1:1 stoichiometry afforded the dimeric complexes [(C6H5)2Ga(μ-tBuC2pz] 2 (63%), [(C6H5)2In(μ-Ph 2pz)]2 (40%), and [(C6H5) 2In(μ-Me2pz)]2 (92%), respectively, as colorless crystalline solids. The dimeric nature of these complexes was determined by X-ray crystallography. Treatment of 3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazole with excess trimethylgallium afforded the dimeric complex [Me2Ga(μ- tBu2pz)]2 (82%) as the major product and Me 2Ga(H-tBu2pz)(μ-OCH2)GaMe2 (2.6%) as a minor product. There was no evidence for the formation of the methyl-bridged complex Me2-Ga(μ-tBu2pz)(μ-CH 3)GaMe2. The kinetics of bridge-terminal phenyl exchange in (C6H5)2Ga-(μ-Me2pz)(μ- C6H5)Ga(C6H5)2, (C 6H5)2Ga(μ-Ph2pz)(μ-C 6H5)Ga(C6H5)2· C7H8, (C6H5)2Ga(μ- tBu2-pz)(μ-C6H5)Ga(C6H 5)2, and (C6H5)2In(μ- tBu2pz)(μ-C6H5)In(C6H 5)2·(C6H14)0.5 was determined by 13C NMR spectroscopy and afforded the following range of activation parameters: ΔH? = 6.0-8.9 kcal/mol, ΔS? = -23.1 to -32.0 eu, and ΔG?(298 K) = 15.5-15.8 kcal/mol. The large, negative values of ΔS? imply ordered transition states relative to the ground state and rotation along the N-GaPh3 or N-InPh3 vector without metal-nitrogen bond cleavage. The combined results suggest that the close proximity of the metal atoms is the principal determinant of the bridging phenyl interactions and that complexes of the heavier group 13 elements with bridging hydrocarbon ligands are likely to be more accessible than the current state of literature would suggest.