108-88-3

Basic information

• Product Name: Toluene
• Synonyms: 1-Methylbenzene;Antisal 1a;CP 25;CP 25 (solvent);Methacide;Methylbenzene;Methylbenzol;NSC 406333;Phenylmethane;Toluol;Toluene(8CI)
• CAS NO: 108-88-3
• Molecular Formula: C₇H₈
• Molecular Weight: 92.14
• EINECS: 203-625-9
• Mol File: 108-88-3.mol
• Article Data: 2432

Chemical Properties

• Melting Point: -95℃
• Boiling Point: 110.602 °C at 760 mmHg
• Flash Point: 10 °C
• Appearance: Colourless liquid with a benzene-like odour
• Density: 0.872 g/cm³
• Vapor Density: 3.14 (vs air)
• Vapor Pressure: 27.7mmHg at 25°C
• Refractive Index: 1.499
• Water Solubility: 0.5 g/L (20℃)
• CAS DataBase Reference: Toluene(CAS DataBase Reference)
• NIST Chemistry Reference: Toluene(108-88-3)
• EPA Substance Registry System: Toluene(108-88-3)

Safety Data

• Hazard Codes: F:Flammable;;
• Statements: R11:; R38:; R48/20:; R63:; R65:; R67:
• Safety Statements: S36/37:; S46:; S62:
• PackingGroup: II
• Hazardous Substances Data: 108-88-3(Hazardous Substances Data)

Usage

Chemical Description

Different sources of media describe the Chemical Description of 108-88-3 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Toluene and THF are distilled and stored over Na metal.
2. Toluene is a common solvent used in organic chemistry.
3. Toluene, dioxane, THF, DME, MeOH, and DCE are solvents investigated in the study.
4. Toluene is a clear, colorless liquid with a sweet, pungent odor, commonly used as a solvent.
5. Toluene is a colorless liquid with a sweet, pungent odor, commonly used as a solvent and fuel.
6. Toluene and chlorobenzene are both solvents commonly used in organic chemistry.
7. Toluene is a colorless liquid with a sweet, pungent odor.
8. Toluene-p-sulphonic acid is an organic compound with the formula CH3C6H4SO3H.
9. Toluene, acetone, ammonia, hexane, benzene, and propanol are used as solvent systems for thin-layer chromatography.
10. Toluene is a common solvent used in various applications.
11. Toluene is used as a solvent for the conversion of 4a into the trimethylsilylpropargylic alcohol 8a under thermal conditions.

InChI:InChI=1/C7H8/c1-7-5-3-2-4-6-7/h2-6H,1H3

Synthetic route

benzyl chloride (100-44-7) → toluene (108-88-3)

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogen; Lindlar's catalyst In benzene under 760 Torr; for 0.5h; Ambient temperature;	100%
With sulfuric acid; aluminium; nickel dichloride In water at 25℃; Product distribution;	98%
With sodium tetrahydroborate; cetyltributylphosphonium bromide In water; toluene at 40℃; for 0h; Product distribution;	96%

benzyl alcohol (100-51-6) → toluene (108-88-3)

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride; aluminium; nickel dichloride In ethanol at 25℃; Product distribution;	100%
With palladium dichloride In methanol at 40℃; for 24h; Green chemistry; chemoselective reaction;	99%
With palladium on activated charcoal; hydrogen In tetrahydrofuran at 25℃; under 760.051 Torr; for 1.5h;	99%

ortho-methylphenyl iodide (615-37-2) → toluene (108-88-3)

Conditions	Yield
With (1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene)palladium(II) dichloride; cesium fluoride In 2-pentanol at 100℃; for 12h; Inert atmosphere;	100%
With lithium aluminium tetrahydride In 1,2-dimethoxyethane at 35℃; for 5h; ultrasonic acceleration of reduction;	95%
With 2,2'-azobis(isobutyronitrile); poly(n-hexylsilane) In benzene-d6 at 82 - 85℃; for 3h; sealed;	99 % Spectr.

para-chlorotoluene (106-43-4) → toluene (108-88-3)

Conditions	Yield
With water; sodium iodide; nickel dichloride; zinc; sonication In N,N,N,N,N,N-hexamethylphosphoric triamide at 60℃; for 3h;	100%
With water; sodium iodide; nickel dichloride; zinc; sonication In N,N,N,N,N,N-hexamethylphosphoric triamide at 60℃; for 3h; Product distribution;	100%
With palladium on ceria; sodium hydroxide In isopropyl alcohol at 40℃; for 24h; Temperature; Solvent; Irradiation; Inert atmosphere; Sealed tube;	97%

para-bromotoluene (106-38-7) → toluene (108-88-3)

Conditions	Yield
With potassium hydroxide; isopropyl alcohol; polymer supported Na2PdCl4 at 82℃; for 0.666667h; Rate constant; further catalysts; influence of the nature of catalyst on the rate of dehalogenation;	100%
With tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(0); formaldehyd; caesium carbonate In dimethyl sulfoxide at 80℃; for 12h;	99%
With lithium aluminium tetrahydride In 1,2-dimethoxyethane at 35℃; for 5h; ultrasonic acceleration of reduction;	97%

benzyl bromide (100-39-0) → toluene (108-88-3)

Conditions	Yield
With sodium tetrahydroborate; cetyltributylphosphonium bromide In water; toluene at 18℃; for 0h; Product distribution;	100%
With ammonium chloride; zinc In tetrahydrofuran; water at 20℃; for 4h;	97%
With sodium tetrahydroborate In tetrahydrofuran for 0.0833333h; Ambient temperature;	90%

1-Phenyl-5-p-tolyloxy-1H-tetrazole (77924-17-5) → 1-phenyl-5-hydroxytetrazole (5097-82-5) + toluene (108-88-3)

Conditions	Yield
With hydrazine hydrate; palladium on activated charcoal In ethanol; water; benzene for 3.5h; Ambient temperature;	A n/a B 100%
With hydrazine hydrate; palladium on activated charcoal In ethanol; benzene Mechanism; Ambient temperature;	A n/a B 100%
With sodium hypophosphite; palladium on activated charcoal In ethanol; benzene at 80℃; Relative steady-state rates of cleavage, relative extrapolated interceps;

bromobenzene (108-86-1) + (3-dimethylaminopropyl)dimethylgallium → toluene (108-88-3)

Conditions	Yield
With tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium dichloride In benzene at 80℃; for 7h;	100%

4-bromo-benzaldehyde (1122-91-4) → toluene (108-88-3)

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogen; palladium on activated charcoal In water; isopropyl alcohol at 20℃; under 5171.62 Torr; for 1h;	100%

cis-{(PhCH2)2Co(III)(2,2'-bipyridine)2}ClO4 → toluene (108-88-3)

Conditions	Yield
With perchloric acid In acetonitrile Kinetics;	100%

(η6-toluene)bis(η1-pentafluorophenyl)cobalt(II) (60528-58-7) → decafluorobiphenyl (434-90-2) + cobalt (7440-48-4) + toluene (108-88-3)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent, solid phase) pyrolysis at 150°C;	A 93% B n/a C 100%

1-methyl-7-oxa-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid anhydride (6345-56-8) → toluene (108-88-3)

Conditions	Yield
With zeolite Y with a silica-alumina at 250℃; for 5h; Temperature; Inert atmosphere;	100%

(benzyloxy)benzene (946-80-5) → toluene (108-88-3) + cyclohexanol (108-93-0) + phenol (108-95-2)

Conditions	Yield
With Ni0.85Rh0.15; hydrogen In water at 95℃; under 760.051 Torr; for 16h; Reagent/catalyst;	A 100% B 5% C 79%
With isopropyl alcohol at 150℃; under 7500.75 Torr; for 48h; Inert atmosphere; Autoclave;	A 100% B 12.2% C 87.5%
With isopropyl alcohol at 150℃; under 7500.75 Torr; for 3h; Catalytic behavior; Temperature; Inert atmosphere; Autoclave;	A 100% B 73.1% C 22.4%
With Ru0.6Ni0.4; hydrogen In water at 95℃; under 760.051 Torr; for 16h; Reagent/catalyst;	A 98% B 61% C 6%
With hydrogen In n-heptane at 140℃; under 750.075 Torr; for 6h; Catalytic behavior;	A 34 %Chromat. B 12 %Chromat. C 22 %Chromat.

Benzyl acetate (140-11-4) → acetic acid (64-19-7) + toluene (108-88-3)

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogen In n-heptane at 160℃; under 750.075 Torr; for 6h; Catalytic behavior;	A 96 %Chromat. B 100%

benzaldehyde (100-52-7) → toluene (108-88-3)

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogen In water; ethyl acetate at 50℃; under 15001.5 Torr; for 5h;	99%
With hydrogen In water at 25℃; for 1h;	99%
With palladium on activated charcoal; hydrogen In methanol at 25℃; under 760.051 Torr; for 0.833333h;	99%

(benzyloxy)benzene (946-80-5) → toluene (108-88-3) + phenol (108-95-2)

Conditions	Yield
With Ni0.85Ru0.15; hydrogen In water at 95℃; under 760.051 Torr; for 16h; Reagent/catalyst;	A 99% B 45%
With 0.5%Pd/TiO2; isopropyl alcohol In water at 24.84℃; for 2h; Inert atmosphere; Sealed tube; Irradiation;	A 99% B 99%
With formic acid In water at 120℃; Green chemistry;	A 98% B 96%

benzyl bromide (100-39-0) → 1,1'-(1,2-ethanediyl)bisbenzene (103-29-7) + toluene (108-88-3)

Conditions	Yield
With copper nickel; pyrographite In 1,2-dimethoxyethane at 85℃; for 20h;	A 99% B 1%
With titanium(III) citrate; Tris buffer; tetra(n-butyl)ammonium hydroxide; vitamin B-12 In ethanol for 1h; pH=8;	A 98% B 1%
With potassium phosphate; (4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-dipyridyl)-bis-(2-phenylpyridine(-1H))-iridium(III) hexafluorophosphate; diethyl 2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 20℃; for 4h; Inert atmosphere; Irradiation;	A 85% B 6%

3-(4-Chloro-2-methyl-phenoxy)-benzo[d]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide (132636-69-2) → toluene (108-88-3) + saccharin (81-07-2)

Conditions	Yield
With sodium hypophosphite; palladium on activated charcoal In water; benzene for 3h; Heating;	A 99% B n/a

4-methoxyphenyl benzyl ether (6630-18-8) → 4-methoxy-phenol (150-76-5) + toluene (108-88-3)

Conditions	Yield
With formic acid In water at 120℃; Green chemistry;	A 97% B 99%
With 9,10-dihydroanthracene at 224.84℃; Kinetics; Product distribution;
With hydrogen In hexane at 260℃; under 5250.53 Torr; for 10h; Autoclave;	A 93.6 %Chromat. B 82.9 %Chromat.
With isopropyl alcohol at 260℃; under 15001.5 Torr; for 4h; Autoclave; Inert atmosphere; Green chemistry;	A 85 %Chromat. B 88 %Chromat.

{bis(triphenylphosphine)nitrogen}{HW(CO)5} (78709-76-9) + benzyl bromide (100-39-0) → bromopentacarbonyl tungstate(0)(1-) (15131-04-1) + toluene (108-88-3)

Conditions	Yield
In tetrahydrofuran Kinetics; 26.0°C, 20-fold excess of alkyl halide; second-order rate const. is given; anal. of the reaction mixt. by gas chromy.;	A n/a B 99%

phenylytterbium iodide (26138-28-3) → ytterbium(II) iodide + toluene (108-88-3)

Conditions	Yield
With methyl iodide; bis(triphenylphosphine)nickel(II) chloride In tetrahydrofuran addn. of Ni-catalyst and alkyl halide to soln. of PhYbI (prepd. in situ from Yb metal and PhI in THF), agitation (25°C); GLC;	A n/a B 99%
With methyl iodide; tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(0) In tetrahydrofuran addn. of Ni-catalyst and alkyl halide to soln. of PhYbI (prepd. in situ from Yb metal and PhI in THF), agitation (25°C); GLC;	A n/a B 97%

benzyl methyl ether (538-86-3) → toluene (108-88-3)

Conditions	Yield
With palladium dichloride In methanol at 40℃; for 12h; Inert atmosphere; Green chemistry; chemoselective reaction;	99%
With methanol; toluene-4-sulfonic acid at 25℃; for 7.5h; Reagent/catalyst; Inert atmosphere; Sealed tube; UV-irradiation;	95%
With samarium diiodide; water In tetrahydrofuran; decane at 20℃;
With diisobutylaluminium hydride; sodium t-butanolate; bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel(0); 1,3-bis[(2,6-diisopropyl)phenyl]imidazolinium chloride In tetrahydrofuran at 80℃; for 16h; Product distribution / selectivity; Inert atmosphere;	82 %Chromat.

(benzyloxy)benzene (946-80-5) → methyl cyclohexane (82166-21-0) + toluene (108-88-3) + cyclohexanol (108-93-0)

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogen In isopropyl alcohol at 120℃; for 2h;	A 28% B 72% C 99%
With Rh0.6Ni0.4; hydrogen In water at 95℃; under 760.051 Torr; for 16h; Reagent/catalyst;	A 35% B 63% C 95%
With 10% Pd/C; hydrogen In hexane at 160℃; under 30003 Torr; for 2h; Autoclave;
With isopropyl alcohol at 170℃; for 15h; Sealed tube;	A 0.68 mmol B 0.28 mmol C 0.94 mmol

para-bromotoluene (106-38-7) + isopropyl alcohol (67-63-0) → toluene (108-88-3)

Conditions	Yield
With sodium hydroxide at 24.84℃; under 760.051 Torr; for 6h; Inert atmosphere; UV-irradiation; Sealed tube;	99%

2-methylchlorobenzene (95-49-8) + isopropyl alcohol (67-63-0) → toluene (108-88-3)

Conditions	Yield
With sodium hydroxide at 24.84℃; under 760.051 Torr; for 6h; Inert atmosphere; UV-irradiation; Sealed tube;	99%

2-benzyloxynaphthalene (613-62-7) → toluene (108-88-3) + β-naphthol (135-19-3)

Conditions	Yield
With 0.5%Pd/TiO2; isopropyl alcohol In water at 24.84℃; for 2h; Inert atmosphere; Sealed tube; Irradiation;	A 99% B 97%

benzyl 1-butyl ether (588-67-0) → toluene (108-88-3) + butan-1-ol (71-36-3)

Conditions	Yield
With 0.5%Pd/TiO2; isopropyl alcohol In water at 24.84℃; for 2h; Inert atmosphere; Sealed tube; Irradiation;	A 99% B 99%

4-benzyloxybenzonitrile (52805-36-4) → 4-cyanophenol (767-00-0) + toluene (108-88-3)

Conditions	Yield
With 0.5%Pd/TiO2; isopropyl alcohol In water at 24.84℃; for 2h; Inert atmosphere; Sealed tube; Irradiation;	A 99% B 99%

4-Benzyloxyphenol (103-16-2) → 1,4-Cyclohexanediol (556-48-9) + toluene (108-88-3)

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogen In n-heptane at 140℃; under 750.075 Torr; for 6h; Catalytic behavior;	A 99% B 99%

2-Methylcyclohexanol (583-59-5) → ortho-cresol (95-48-7) + toluene (108-88-3)

Conditions	Yield
platinum; potassium oxide at 360℃;	A 98% B 2%
platinum; potassium oxide at 360℃; Product distribution; other content of catalyst;	A 98% B 2%

4-methylvaleroyl chloride (38136-29-7) + toluene (108-88-3) → 4-methyl-1-(4'-methylphenyl)pentan-1-one (21847-98-3)

Conditions	Yield
Friedel Crafts Acylation;	100%
With aluminium trichloride at 75 - 80℃; for 1h;	35%
With aluminium trichloride
Friedel-Crafts reaction;

toluene (108-88-3) + Desyl chloride (447-31-4) → 1,2-diphenyl-2-p-tolylethanone (50353-99-6)

Conditions	Yield
With gallium(III) trichloride at 20℃; for 24h;	100%
With aluminium trichloride at 20℃; for 24h;	68%
With aluminium trichloride Behandeln bei Siedetemperatur;

toluene (108-88-3) → benzyl bromide (100-39-0)

Conditions	Yield
With bromine In tetrachloromethane for 1.5h; Ambient temperature;	100%
With manganese(IV) oxide; bromine In dichloromethane at 0℃; for 1h; Product distribution; Further Variations:; Solvents; Temperatures; reaction time;	100%
With bromine; sodium t-butanolate In cyclohexane Heating;	100%

toluene (108-88-3) → benzaldehyde (100-52-7)

Conditions	Yield
With laccase from Coriolus versicolor MTCC-138; 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt In 1,4-dioxane for 0.5h; pH=4.5; Green chemistry; Enzymatic reaction;	100%
With nickel-doped graphene carbon nitride nanoparticles; air In ethanol at 25℃; for 8h; Reagent/catalyst; Solvent; Irradiation; Green chemistry;	98%
With water at 20℃; for 3h; Reagent/catalyst;	98%

toluene (108-88-3) → methyl cyclohexane (82166-21-0)

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogen; [(norbornadiene)rhodium(I)chloride]2; phosphinated polydiacetylene In n-heptane at 30℃; under 60800 Torr; for 1.5h;	100%
With hydrogen; Ni-Tc on γ-Al2O3 at 175 - 250℃; under 760 Torr; Product distribution; dependence of catalytic activity on the reduction temperature; enhanced activity of bimetallic catalysts;	100%
With hydrogen; Rh on carbon In methanol at 20℃; under 760.051 Torr; for 0.5h;	100%

toluene (108-88-3) → 1,1'-(1,2-ethanediyl)bisbenzene (103-29-7)

Conditions	Yield
With methyl cyanoformate; sodium decatungstate In acetonitrile at 8℃; for 90h; Irradiation;	100%
With di-tert-butyl peroxide; sodium acetate at 120℃; for 10h; Schlenk technique; Green chemistry;	94%
With di-tert-butyl peroxide; sodium acetate at 120℃; for 10h;	94%

n-docosanoic acid (112-85-6) + toluene (108-88-3) → 1-p-Tolyl-docosan-1-one (101493-90-7)

Conditions	Yield
Ce3+ exchanged Y-fanjasite at 150℃; for 48h;	100%

m-anisoyl chloride (1711-05-3) + toluene (108-88-3) → (4-methylphenyl)-(3-methoxyphenyl)methanone (82520-37-4)

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: m-anisoyl chloride; toluene With aluminum (III) chloride In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 4h; Stage #2: With hydrogenchloride In dichloromethane; water	100%
With aluminium trichloride	84%
With aluminium trichloride In nitromethane for 0.75h; Ambient temperature;	84%
With aluminium trichloride In 1,2-dichloro-benzene
With aluminium trichloride In dichloromethane at 20℃;

toluene (108-88-3) → carbon dioxide (124-38-9)

Conditions	Yield
With α-manganese oxide; oxygen at 290℃; Temperature; [1,2]-Wittig Rearrangement; Inert atmosphere;	100%
With oxygen at 258℃; under 760.051 Torr; Kinetics; Reagent/catalyst; Temperature; Inert atmosphere;	100%
With oxygen at 230 - 240℃; for 0.5h; Reagent/catalyst; Temperature; Inert atmosphere;	99.9%

chloro-trimethyl-silane (75-77-4) + toluene (108-88-3) + 3-methyl-2-methylene-3-phenyloxetane (183245-70-7) → 3-methyl-3,5-diphenyl-2-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]-1-pentene

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: toluene; 3-methyl-3-phenyl-2-methyleneoxetane With n-butyllithium; N,N,N,N,-tetramethylethylenediamine In hexane at 0℃; for 1.5h; Stage #2: chloro-trimethyl-silane In hexane at 0℃; for 0.55h;	100%

toluene (108-88-3) + 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]-dioxaboralane (25015-63-8) → p-tolylboronic pinacol ester (195062-57-8)

Conditions	Yield
[Ir(COD)(1,3-dicyclohexylimidazolidin-2-ylidene)2]CF3CO2 at 40℃; for 10h;	100%
(η4-1,5-cyclooctadiene)bis(1,3-dimethylimidazolin-2-ylidene)iridium(I) trifluoracetate In toluene byproducts: H2; (N2); using Schlenk techniques; dissolving of 2 mmol pinacolborane and 1.5 mol% of Ir(COD)(C3H2N2Me2)2CF3CO2 in toluene; stirring and heating at40°C for 12 h; monitoring by GC-MS; removal of solvent under vac. at room temp.; chromy. over silica gel, eluting with CH2Cl2;	100%
(η4-1,5-cyclooctadiene)(1,1'-dimethyl-3,3'-o-xylylene-diimidazolin-2,2'-diylidene)iridium(I) trifluoroacetate In toluene (N2); using Schlenk techniques; dissolving of 2 mmol pinacolborane and 1.5 mol% of Ir(COD)(1,1'-dimethyl-3,3'-o-xylylene-diimidazolin-2,2'-diylidene)2(CF3CO2) in toluene; stirring and heating at 40°C for 12 h; monitoring by GC-MS; removal of solvent under vac. at room temp.; chromy. over silica gel, eluting with CH2Cl2;	100%

chromium(0) hexacarbonyl (199620-14-9, 13007-92-6) + toluene (108-88-3) → tricarbonyl(η(6)-toluene)chromium (12083-24-8)

Conditions	Yield
With catalyst: dimethyl succinate In decalin byproducts: CO; refluxing for 2.3 h (catalyst: dimethyl succinate); freezing out at -18°C or quick chromy. of the decaline soln. on a SiO2 column;	100%
With catalyst: butyl acetate In decalin byproducts: CO; refluxing for 3 h (catalyst: butyl acetate); freezing out at -18°C or quick chromy. of the decaline soln. on a SiO2 column;	99%
With acetic acid In decalin refluxing of toluene with the Cr compd. (4:1) and 25 microliter AcOH for 4 h;	98.7%

heptafluoropropane-2-sulphenic acid chloride (51031-50-6) + toluene (108-88-3) → bis(perfluoroisopropyl) disulfide (754-62-1) + heptafluoropropane-2-thiol (68408-97-9) + benzyl perfluoroisopropyl sulfide (68409-03-0) + benzyl chloride (100-44-7)

Conditions	Yield
	A n/a B n/a C 4% D 100%
	A n/a B n/a C 4% D 100%

nonafluoro-tert-butanesulfenyl chloride (32308-83-1) + toluene (108-88-3) → nonafluoro-tert-butanethiol (32308-82-0) + benzyl chloride (100-44-7)

Conditions	Yield
	A 100% B 100%
	A 100% B 100%

dimanganese decacarbonyl (10170-69-1) + trimethylamine-N-oxide dihydrate (62637-93-8) + toluene (108-88-3) → {{Mn(μ3-OH)(CO)3}4}*2toluene

Conditions	Yield
In tetrahydrofuran; toluene stirring Mn2(CO)10 with Me3NO*2H2O in THF (18 h), solvent removal; recrystn. (hot toluene);	100%
In toluene byproducts: trimethylammonium carbonate; treatment of Mn2(CO)10 with 6 equivs. of Me3NO, boiling of product in MePh; hot filtration, crystn. (5°C); second crop from mother liquor; elem. anal.;	98%

bis(pentafluorophenyl)(η6-anisole)cobalt(II) (86197-44-6) + toluene (108-88-3) → (η6-toluene)bis(η1-pentafluorophenyl)cobalt(II) (60528-58-7)

Conditions	Yield
In chloroform-d1 byproducts: anisole; mol. ratio 1/10; not isolated, detected by NMR;	100%
In chloroform-d1 byproducts: anisole; mol. ratio 1/1; not isolated, detected by NMR;	85%

3-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (121-00-6) + titanium tetrachloride (7550-45-0) + toluene (108-88-3) → trichloromono(2-tert-butyl-4-methylphenoxide)titanium(IV)*0.0625(toluene)

Conditions	Yield
In toluene byproducts: HCl; under N2; 2-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol in toluene added to TiCl4 (molar ratio 1:1) in toluene; refluxed for 13 h; filtered; solvent removed; dried under vac. for 4 h; elem. anal.;	100%

tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate (1109-15-5) + trimethylaluminum (75-24-1) + toluene (108-88-3) → tris(pentafluorophenyl)aluminum*(toluene)0.5

Conditions	Yield
In hexane	100%
In hexane; toluene B(C6F5)3 and AlMe3 in 1:3 toluene/hexanes mixt.;	99%
In hexane; toluene (inert atm.); reaction of borane deriv. with trimethylaluminium in hexane/toluene (3:1);	99%

[Rh(C8H12)(PO2C12H4C16H36)2C8H12O5](1+)*BF4(1-)*0.5CH2Cl2=[Rh(C8H12)(PO2C12H4C16H36)2C8H12O5]BF4*0.5CH2Cl2 + toluene (108-88-3) → [Rh(C7H8)(PO2C12H4C16H36)2C8H12O5](1+)*BF4(1-)*C7H8=[Rh(C7H8)(PO2C12H4C16H36)2C8H12O5]BF4*C7H8

Conditions	Yield
In toluene 100 mL vessel filled with a soln. of Rh(C8H12)diphosphiteBF4 in toluene, placed into an autoclave, autoclave purged 3 times with H2 and pressurised to the appropriate pressure (5 bar), after react. time of 3 h at room temp. autoclave depressurised; concentration to dryness, elem. anal.;	100%

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