89932-31-0Relevant academic research and scientific papers
Kinetics and mechanism of the formation of N-vinyl pyridinium cations in elimination reactions in aqueous base
Bunting, John W.,Toth, Andrea,Kanter, James P.
, p. 1195 - 1203 (2007/10/02)
The rates of the elimination reactions of N-(2-bromoethyl) pyridinium cations (1) and N,N'-ethylene bispyridinium dications (3) to give the corresponding N-vinyl pyridinium cations (2) have been measured spectrophotometrically in basic aqueous solutions (ionic strength 0.1, 25 deg C) for a variety of substituents in the pyridine rings of each of these classes of pyridinium cation.The reaction kinetics are first order in 1 or 3 and first order in hydroxide ion.Bronsted-type plots of the second-order rate constants (kOH) as a function of the basicity (as pKBH) of the corresponding substituted pyridine are nonlinear for each of 1 and 3 and can be interpreted in terms of E1cb reaction mechanism.For 1, the Bronsted-type plot displays two distinct ''concave down'' linear regions; rate-determining deprotonation for pKBH > 5.16 (slope = -0.30), and a change in rate-determining step to bromide ion departure for pKBH > 5.16 (slope -0.58).For 3, the Bronsted-type plot appears to be smoothly curved for symmetrically disubstituted bispyridinium dications, as a consequence of the multiple substituent effects upon each step of the E1cb reactions of these dications.However, log kOH for 3 is a smooth linear function of the previously reported log kOH for the E1cb reactions of N-(2-cyanoethyl) pyridinium cations over a range in which a change in rate-determining step has been directly demonstrated for these latter cations.Thus a change in rate-determining step as a function of pyridine basicity is also required within the E1cb mechanism for 3.The E1cb reactions of 1 are approximately 104-fold faster than the corresponding hydroxide ion catalyzed E2 eliminations from 2-phenylethyl bromides that are isoelectronic with 1.
