965-52-6Relevant articles and documents
Nitrofuran drugs beyond redox cycling: Evidence of Nitroreduction-independent cytotoxicity mechanism
Gallardo-Garrido,Cho,Cortés-Rios,Vasquez,Pessoa-Mahana,Araya-Maturana,Pessoa-Mahana,Faundez
, (2020/06/23)
Nitrofurans (5-nitro-2-hydrazonylfuran as pharmacophore) are a group of widely used antimicrobial drugs but also associated to a variety of side effects. The molecular mechanisms that underlie the cytotoxic effects of nitrofuran drugs are not yet clearly understood. One-electron reduction of 5-nitro group by host enzymes and ROS production via redox cycling have been attributed as mechanisms of cell toxicity. However, the current evidence suggests that nitrofuran ROS generation by itself is uncapable to explain the whole toxic effects associated to nitrofuran consumption, proposing a nitro-reduction independent mechanism of toxicity. In the present work, a series of nitrated and non-nitrated derivatives of nitrofuran drugs were synthesized and evaluated in vitro for their cytotoxicity, ROS-producing capacity, effect on GSH-S-transferase and antibacterial activity. Our studies showed that in human cells non-nitrated derivatives were less toxic than parental drugs but, unexpectedly preserved the ability to generate intracellular ROS in similar amounts to nitrofurans despite not entering into a redox cycle mechanism. In addition, some non-nitrated derivatives although being uncapable to generate ROS exhibited the highest cell toxicity among all derivatives. Inhibition of cytosolic glutathione-S-transferase activity by some derivatives was also observed. Finally, only nitrofuran derivatives displayed antibacterial effect. Results suggest that the combined 2-hydrazonylfuran moiety, redox cycling of 5-nitrofuran, and inhibitory effects on antioxidant enzymes, would be finally responsible for the toxic effects of the studied nitrofurans on mammalian cells.
Synthesis and investigation of antimicrobial activity of some nifuroxazide analogues
Alsaeedi, Huda S.,Aljaber, Nabila A.,Ara, Ismet
, p. 3639 - 3646 (2015/12/26)
A series of nifuroxazide analogues [(2a-2e)-(10a-10f)] have been synthesized, structurally identified and tested for antimicrobial activity against a panel of bacteria (Gram-positive and Gram-negative) and the yeast-like pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. The most active compound in this series was 4-amino-benzoic acid (5-nitro-furan-2-ylmethylene)-hydrazide (2b) and 2-amino-benzoic acid (5-nitrofuran-2-ylmethylene)-hydrazide (2d). Furthermore, compounds (9a-9g) and (10a-10g) recorded no activity against selected species except compounds (9f) and (10f) suggesting that using furoic hydrazide and the corresponding hydrazide of thiophene did not improve the antimicrobial activities for this type of compounds. Regarding the activity against Candida albicans, all compounds showed no activity with an exception of substituted nitro furan (2a-2d).
Synthesis and biological activity of nifuroxazide and analogs
Tavares,Penna,Amaral
, p. 244 - 249 (2007/10/03)
Nifuroxazide and thirteen analogs were synthesized from substituted benzoic acids and minimal inhibitory concentrations were determined using the serial dilution tests, in three sequential steps. Nifuroxazide and chloramphenicol were used as reference standards. The tests were performed in TSB against the standard bacterial strain of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923.