11070-73-8 Usage
Uses
Used in Antidiabetic Applications:
Insulin is used as an antidiabetic agent for the treatment of individuals suffering from diabetes type I and II metabolic disorders. It regulates the absorption of glucose from the blood to skeletal muscles and fat storage, helping to maintain proper blood sugar levels.
Used in Cell Culture Applications:
Insulin is recommended for use in cell culture applications at a concentration of 0.5 to 1 mL per liter of medium, supporting the growth and maintenance of various cell types.
Used in Pharmaceutical Industry:
Insulin is used as a therapeutic agent in the pharmaceutical industry for the management of diabetes and related metabolic conditions. Its derivatives with altered amino acid residues exhibit variations in pharmacokinetics and binding affinity for the insulin receptor, leading to the development of novel insulin analogues with improved properties and applications.
Used in Research and Development:
Insulin's role in regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism makes it an important subject of research and development in the fields of endocrinology, metabolism, and drug discovery. Understanding its structure, function, and interactions with other molecules can lead to the development of new treatments and therapies for diabetes and related conditions.
Indications
More than a century has passed since von Mering and
Minkowski first demonstrated that pancreatectomized
dogs exhibited signs and symptoms characteristic of diabetes
mellitus. Shortly thereafter, Banting and Best used
pancreatic extracts to reverse these symptoms in diabetic
patients, thus providing a basis for establishing a
cause-and-effect relationship between insulin deficiency
and diabetes. Insulin was subsequently isolated, crystallized,
and eventually synthesized in the laboratory.
Insulin replacement therapy has been widely used in the
clinical management of diabetes mellitus for more than
70 years. In 1982, recombinant DNA (rDNA) derived
human insulin was first produced and is now widely used
instead of insulin derived from beef or pork. More recently,
insulin analogues have been produced that modulate
the activity and rate of insulin action.
Hazard
Overdosage can be fatal.
Biochem/physiol Actions
Two-chain polypeptide hormone produced by the β-cells of pancreatic islets. Its molecular weight is ~5800 Da. The α and β chains are joined by two interchain disulfide bonds. The α chain contains an intrachain disulfide bond. Insulin regulates the cellular uptake, utilization, and storage of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids and inhibits the breakdown of glycogen, protein, and fat.
Pharmacology
Insulin is usually administered subcutaneously. Depending
on the type of insulin being administered,
the rate of insulin absorption can be modulated by altering the polymerization of the insulin molecule (e.g.,
monomers, dimers, or hexamers). Intramuscular injections
of insulin are used less often because absorption is
more rapid. Being a polypeptide hormone, insulin is
readily inactivated if administered orally. In emergencies,
such as severe diabetic ketoacidosis, insulin can be
given intravenously. Clinical studies are examining the
efficacy and safety of inhaled insulin, which may be
promising for some patients.
Once insulin enters the circulation, its plasma halflife
is less than 10 minutes. Hepatic insulinases destroy
approximately 50% of circulating insulin, with the remainder
degraded by circulating proteases. Therefore,
only a relatively small amount of the total endogenous
insulin secreted ever reaches the peripheral tissues.
Although a number of tissues accumulate small amounts
of insulin, the liver and kidney are the principal sites of
hormone uptake and degradation. Insulin metabolism is
accomplished both through the actions of an insulinspecific
protease found in the cytosol of many tissues
and by the reductive cleavage of the insulin disulfide
bonds by glutathione–insulin transhydrogenase. In the
kidney, insulin that undergoes glomerular filtration is almost
completely reabsorbed and metabolized within the
proximal convoluted tubules of the nephron.
Clinical Use
According to the DCCT and the UK Prospective Diabetes study, insulin and/or insulin analogues are the standard treatment
for type 1, gestational, and some type 2 diabetes.
Side effects
Insulin Overdose and Diabetic Coma
The most common and serious reaction to insulin therapy is hypoglycemia. It is important that patients with diabetes,
especially those receiving insulin therapy, be able to recognize the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia. Symptoms of
hypoglycemia may be evident with a plasma glucose level at 60 to 80 mg/dL. Severe hypoglycemia can lead to convulsions
and coma. Patients that vigorously attempt to achieve euglycemia to avoid various vascular complications risk increased
frequency of hypoglycemic episodes.
In the DCCT, the incidence of severe hypoglycemic reactions was threefold higher in the intensive insulin therapy group than in the conventional therapy group.
Metabolism
Insulin degradation occurs primarily in the liver and kidney. Of that which is secreted from the pancreatic islet cells, 50%
reaches the liver via the portal vein and undergoes disulfide bond cleavage catalyzed by glutathione insulin
transhydrogenase (insulinase). This is followed by proteolytic degradation before entry into the general circulation. Insulin
is filtered by the renal glomeruli and can then be reabsorbed or degraded by the tubules. At the tissue level, insulin
degradation occurs to a limited extent at the cell surface.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 11070-73-8 includes 8 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 5 digits, 1,1,0,7 and 0 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 7 and 3 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 11070-73:
(7*1)+(6*1)+(5*0)+(4*7)+(3*0)+(2*7)+(1*3)=58
58 % 10 = 8
So 11070-73-8 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C254H377N65O75S6/c1-29-131(24)205(312-192(334)103-256)250(389)317-204(130(22)23)246(385)287-158(74-81-199(344)345)216(355)281-155(70-77-188(260)330)220(359)307-183-116-399-400-117-184-242(381)305-177(110-321)238(377)293-161(87-122(6)7)223(362)294-167(94-139-52-60-145(324)61-53-139)226(365)282-153(68-75-186(258)328)217(356)289-160(86-121(4)5)221(360)284-157(73-80-198(342)343)219(358)301-173(100-189(261)331)233(372)297-169(96-141-56-64-147(326)65-57-141)229(368)308-182(241(380)303-175(253(393)394)102-191(263)333)115-398-396-113-180(212(351)270-106-193(335)277-152(71-78-196(338)339)215(354)280-150(50-41-83-268-254(264)265)210(349)269-107-194(336)278-165(92-137-45-35-31-36-46-137)225(364)296-166(93-138-47-37-32-38-48-138)228(367)298-170(97-142-58-66-148(327)67-59-142)236(375)318-206(135(28)323)251(390)319-84-42-51-185(319)244(383)285-151(49-39-40-82-255)213(352)276-134(27)252(391)392)310-248(387)202(128(18)19)315-234(373)163(89-124(10)11)291-227(366)168(95-140-54-62-146(325)63-55-140)295-222(361)159(85-12
11070-73-8Relevant articles and documents
COMPOSITION FOR TREATING SULFUR MUSTARD TOXICITY AND METHODS OF USING SAME
-
, (2009/03/07)
One embodiment of the present invention provides a composition, comprising, in amounts effective to treat sulfur mustard or half sulfur mustard induced toxicity or skin damage: an agent that inhibits alkylation of —SH and >NH protein groups; an agent that reduces —SS— to SH; a scavenger of reactive oxygen species; a substrate that maintains tissue reduction-oxidation status; an agent that protects against invading inflammatory cells and associated oxidative stress; an antagonist of prostaglandin synthesis; and an agent that induces tissue regeneration. Methods of using the composition are also provided.
PURIFICATION OF INSULIN-LIKE MATERIAL BY REVERSE PHASE CHROMATOGRAPHY
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Page/Page column 10; 11, (2008/06/13)
This invention describes processes for purification of insulin or insulin-like material by reverse phase chromatography by using polystyrenic resins as the chromatographic materials. in particular the present invention describes processes for the purification of a particular insulin-like material from chemically and structurally similar contaminants.
USE OF SUBSTITUTED 2 PHENYLBENZIMIDAZOLES AS MEDICAMENTS
-
, (2008/06/13)
The present invention relates to the use of a substituted 2-phenylbenzimidazole of formula I wherein R1, R2, R3, R 4, R5 and m have the meanings given in the claims, for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of diseases involving glucagon receptors, as well as new compounds of formula I wherein R1 is a group of formula
Insulin polypeptide-oligomer conjugates, proinsulin polypeptide-oligomer conjugates and methods of synthesizing same
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Page 45, (2008/06/13)
Methods for synthesizing proinsulin polypeptides are described that include contacting a proinsulin polypeptide including an insulin polypeptide coupled to one or more peptides by peptide bond(s) capable of being cleaved to yield the insulin polypeptide with an oligomer under conditions sufficient to couple the oligomer to the insulin polypeptide portion of the proinsulin polypeptide and provide a proinsulin polypeptide-oligomer conjugate, and cleaving the one or more peptides from the proinsulin polypeptide-oligomer conjugate to provide the insulin polypeptide-oligomer conjugate. Methods of synthesizing proinsulin polypeptide-oligomer conjugates are also provided as are proinsulin polypeptide-oligomer conjugates. Methods of synthesizing C-peptide polypeptide-oligomer conjugates and other pro-polypeptide-oligomer conjugates are also provided.
HIGH THROUGHPUT METHOD FOR FUNCTIONALLY CLASSIFYING PROTEINS IDENTIFIED USING A GENOMICS APPROACH
-
, (2008/06/13)
The present invention provides a method for functionally classifying a protein that is capable of unfolding due to a thermal change. The method comprises screening one or more of a multiplicity of different molecules for their ability to shift the thermal unfolding curve of the protein, wherein a shift in the thermal unfolding curve indicates that the molecule binds to the protein or affects the stability in a measurable way; generating an activity spectrum for the protein wherein the activity spectrum reflects a set of molecules, from the multiplicity of molecules, that shift the thermal unfolding curve, of the protein and therefore are ligands that bind to the protein, comparing the activity spectrum for the protein to one or more functional reference spectrum lists; and classifying the protein according to the set of molecules in the multiplicity of different molecules that shift the thermal unfolding curve of the protein.
Insulin derivatives with increased zinc binding
-
, (2008/06/13)
Insulin derivatives with increased zinc binding where Z is a histidine residue or a peptide having 2 to 35 genetically encodable amino acid residues, having 1 to 5 histidine residues, are suitable for the production of pharmaceutical preparations for the treatment of diabetes. Insulins of the formula I form complexes with zinc++, comprising an insulin hexamer and approximately 5 to 9 mol of zinc++per hexamer.
