111-01-3Relevant articles and documents
Heterogeneously Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Squalene to Squalane under Mild Conditions
Pandarus, Valerica,Ciriminna, Rosaria,Kaliaguine, Serge,Béland, Fran?ois,Pagliaro, Mario
, p. 2071 - 2076 (2015)
The full chemoselective hydrogenation of highly unsaturated all-trans linear squalene into valuable fully saturated squalane is achieved smoothly under mild conditions over the sol-gel-entrapped Pd catalyst SiliaCat Pd0. The catalysis is truly heterogeneous, and the catalyst is stable and recyclable, which opens the route to an easier and less expensive hydrogenation of squalene.
NEW INDUSTRIAL SYNTHESIS OF SQUALANE.
Nishida,Ninagawa,Itoi,Fujita
, p. 2805 - 2810 (1983)
Squalane is synthesized by the ethynylation reaction of geranylacetone with a complex of 1,3-butadiyne:N-methylpyrrolidone ( equals 1:1) in the presence of a KOH catalyst and by hydrogenation with a Raney nickel catalyst, followed by hydrogenation hydrogenolysis with a mixed catalyst of nickel/diatomaceous earth and silica-alumina. An alternative synthesis of squalane from dehydronerolidol is also achieved by oxidative coupling reaction with a copper(II) catalyst under a helium atmosphere.
Palladium-Nanoparticles-Intercalated Montmorillonite Clay: A Green Catalyst for the Solvent-Free Chemoselective Hydrogenation of Squalene
Soni, Vineet Kumar,Sharma, Rakesh K.
, p. 1763 - 1768 (2016)
Squalane is an important ingredient in the cosmetic, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries. It has also been used as a model compound for the hydrocracking of crude and microalgae oil. Thus, a series of green heterogeneous metal catalysts were prepared to achieve complete hydrogenation of highly unsaturated squalene into squalane. Surface modification of the clay and metal intercalation simultaneously occurred during wet impregnation. The Pd-nanoparticles-intercalated clay with a dominating Pd(1 1 1) facet showed the highest reactivity and selectivity. The catalyst was stable with very low Pd leaching (≈0.03 ppm) and was recyclable without losing any significant catalytic activity. Play with clay: Metal (Pt, Pd, and Ni)-intercalated clay catalysts are prepared, and their catalytic activity in the hydrogenation of squalene is tested. The clay/Pd catalyst shows the highest catalytic activity and selectivity in the chemoselective reduction of squalene under solvent-free conditions, and this is attributed to the highly faceted Pd(1 1 1) plane. This catalyst can be recycled without a significant loss of activity.
SQUALENE AND SQUALANE OF HIGH QUALITY PRODUCED BY MICROWAVE ASSISTED PROCESS
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Page/Page column 14, (2020/05/15)
The present invention relates to a product comprising squalene according to Formula I in an amount of equal or more than 50 wt.-% related to the total weight of the product according to Formula I, the product being produced by a continuous flow, microwave assisted process comprising the steps: a) preparing a reaction mixture containing an oily or fatty material of plant origin and aqueous methanol or aqueous ethanol, b) continuously conveying of the reaction mixture through a microwave-transparent reaction zone and irradiating the reaction mixture with microwaves inside the reaction zone in the presence of an acidic catalyst, whereby the retention time of the reaction mixture in the microwave-transparent reaction zone is 1 s to 180 s, the temperature in the reaction zone being equal to or between 100 °C and 220 °C, the pressure in the reaction zone being 1.5 bar to 30 bar, wherein a reaction of the reaction mixture takes place in the reaction zone resulting in a mixture of polar substances comprising glycerol, methanol or ethanol, and water, and non-polar substances comprising fatty acid methylesters or fatty acid ethylesters and unsaponifiable components, c) releasing the pressure to ambient pressure, d) after phase separation the polar phase is separated from the non-polar phase containing the non-polar substances, e) separating fatty acid methylesters or fatty acid ethylesters from the non-polar phase by falling film evaporation or thin-layer evaporation, f) separating squalene according to Formula I from the unsaponifiable components by molecular distillation, short-pass distillation, extraction or freeze separation.
Application of Silicon-Initiated Water Splitting for the Reduction of Organic Substrates
Gevorgyan, Ashot,Mkrtchyan, Satenik,Grigoryan, Tatevik,Iaroshenko, Viktor O.
, p. 375 - 382 (2018/06/04)
The use of water as a donor for hydrogen suitable for the reduction of several important classes of organic compounds is described. It is found that the reductive water splitting can be promoted by several metalloids among which silicon shows the best efficiency. The developed methodologies were applied for the reduction of nitro compounds, N-oxides, sulfoxides, alkenes, alkynes, hydrodehalogenation as well as for the gram-scale synthesis of several substrates of industrial importance.
CATALYTIC PROCESS FOR DIENE DIMERIZATION
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Page/Page column 19; 20, (2018/02/28)
The invention relates to a process for the dimerization of conjugated diene compounds by a heterogeneous catalytic process using a supported palladium catalyst in the presence of at least one palladium activator and at least one palladium coordinating agent.
CATALYTIC PROCESS FOR DIENE DIMERIZATION
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Page/Page column 24; 26; 28, (2018/02/20)
The invention relates to a selective head-to-tail dimerization of conjugated diene compounds by a heterogeneous catalytic process using a supported catalyst comprising ligands and a transition metal selected from titanium and zirconium.
Flow Dehydration and Hydrogenation of Allylic Alcohols: Application to the Waste-Free Synthesis of Pristane
Furuta, Akihiro,Hirobe, Yuki,Fukuyama, Takahide,Ryu, Ilhyong,Manabe, Yoshiyuki,Fukase, Koichi
supporting information, p. 1365 - 1368 (2017/03/23)
Hydroxy-substituted sulfonic acid functionalized silica (HO-SAS) in combination with THF containing a small amount of water as a solvent proved to be a reliable system for the dehydration of allylic alcohols. This process generally caused dehydration within 1 min through a column reactor charged with HO-SAS. The flow dehydration was sequenced by flow hydrogenation, which resulted in the synthesis of pristane. A scalable flow synthesis of pristane was successfully performed and afforded 10 g of pristane after an operation of 2 h. We also performed dehydration and hydrogenation by using a mixed column of HO-SAS and 10 % Pd/C.
CATALYTIC PROCESS FOR DIENE DIMERIZATION
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Page/Page column 15-17; 20-22, (2016/11/07)
The invention relates to a selective head-to-head dimerization of conjugated diene compounds by a catalytic process in a reaction medium without solvent or with solvent comprising hydrocarbons, in the presence of a specific additive of the phenol type.
SQUALANE AND ISOSQUALANE COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR PREPARING THE SAME
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Page/Page column 54-55; 59, (2011/12/04)
Provided herein are methods comprising catalytic dimerization of β-farnesene to obtain squalane and/or isosqualane. Compositions comprising squalane and/or isosqualane are provided. In certain embodiments, squalane and isosqualane prepared by the methods provided herein can be useful for applications in cosmetic industry and/or in the lubricants industry.
