- Process Development and GMP Production of a Conjugate Warhead: Auristatin F-HPA-Ala/TFA (XMT-1864/TFA)
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An efficient, large-scale manufacturing process is described for XMT-1864/TFA (1-TFA), an auristatin F derivative, used as a novel, highly potent, cytotoxic warhead in Mersana's oncology antibody-drug conjugate platforms. The process achieves high diastereomeric purity and controls the impurities with all intermediates readily isolated by crystallization or precipitation in high yield and purity. Protecting groups were selected to ensure tolerability, scalability, and stability of the intermediates under various solution-phase peptide coupling conditions. Crystallization of the final product was developed to remove specified impurities and provide a high-purity active warhead molecule for use in the bioconjugation processing. The convergent synthesis involving six non-GMP steps and five GMP steps has been carried out in multiple cGMP productions on 1-kg scale to produce 1-TFA in >98% chemical purity and 1% total diastereomeric contamination with ～50% overall yield for the GMP steps.
- Conlon, Patrick R.,Gurijala, Venu Reddy,Kaufman, Michael,Li, Dachang,Li, Jiuyuan,Li, Yuanyuan,Reddy, Bollu Satyanarayan,Wagler, Thomas,Wang, Zedong,Xu, Zhongmin,Yin, Mao,Yurkovetskiy, Aleksandr V.,Zhu, Lei
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- Rational Design of Azastatin as a Potential ADC Payload with Reduced Bystander Killing
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Auristatins are a class of ultrapotent microtubule inhibitors, whose growing clinical popularity in oncology is based upon their use as payloads in antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). The most widely utilized auristatin, MMAE, has however been shown to cause apoptosis in non-pathological cells proximal to the tumour (“bystander killing”). Herein, we introduce azastatins, a new class of auristatin derivatives encompassing a side chain amine for antibody conjugation. The synthesis of Cbz-azastatin methyl ester, which included the C2-elongation and diastereoselective reduction of two proteinogenic amino acids as key transformations, was accomplished in 22 steps and 0.76 % overall yield. While Cbz-protected azastatin methyl ester (0.13–3.0 nM) inhibited proliferation more potently than MMAE (0.47–6.5 nM), removal of the Cbz-group yielded dramatically increased IC50-values (9.8–170 nM). We attribute the reduced apparent cytotoxicity of the deprotected azastatin methyl esters to a lack of membrane permeability. These results clearly establish the azastatins as a novel class of cytotoxic payloads ideally suited for use in next-generation ADC development.
- Hartmann, Rafael W.,Fahrner, Raphael,Shevshenko, Denys,Fyrkn?s, M?rten,Larsson, Rolf,Lehmann, Fredrik,Odell, Luke R.
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p. 2500 - 2512
(2020/10/20)
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- Synthesis and evaluation of novel dolastatin 10 derivatives for versatile conjugations
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Dolastatin 10 (1) is a highly potent cytotoxic microtubule inhibitor (cytotoxicity IC50 5.0 nM) and several of its analogs have recently been used as payloads in antibody drug conjugates. Herein, we describe the design and synthesis of a series of novel dolastatin 10 analogs useful as payloads for conjugated drugs. We explored analogs containing functional groups at the thiazole moiety at the C-terminal of dolastatin 10. The functional groups included amines, alcohols, and thiols, which are representative structures used in known conjugated drugs. These novel analogs showed excellent potency in a tumor cell proliferation assay, and thus this series of dolastatin 10 analogs is suitable as versatile payloads in conjugated drugs. Insights into the structure–activity relationships of the analogs are also discussed.
- Yokosaka, Shinya,Izawa, Akiko,Sakai, Chizuka,Sakurada, Eri,Morita, Yasuhiro,Nishio, Yukihiro
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p. 1643 - 1652
(2018/02/19)
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- CYTOTOXIC AND ANTI-MITOTIC COMPOUNDS, AND METHODS OF USING THE SAME
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Compounds having cytotoxic and/or anti-mitotic activity are disclosed. Methods associated with preparation and use of such compounds, as well as pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds, are also disclosed. Also disclosed are compositions having the structure: (T)-(L)-(D), wherein (T) is a targeting moiety, (L) is an optional linker, and (D) is a compound having cytotoxic and/or anti-mitotic activity.
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Page/Page column 95; 100; 106
(2016/04/09)
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- Dolastatins 24. Synthesis of (-)-dolastatin 10. X-Ray molecular structure of N,N-dimethylvalyl-valyl-dolaisoleuine tert-butyl ester
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Total synthesis of the extraordinary antineoplastic constituent, dolastatin 10, from the Indian Ocean mollusc Dolabella auricularia has been summarized. The final synthetic step involved diethyl cyanophosphonate-mediated coupling of Dov-Val-Dil with Dap-Doe. Improved syntheses of these important precursors has led to a very practical synthesis of natural dolastatin 10. Important details of the HPLC and high-field (500 MHz) NMR characterization techniques employed to confirm the purity of dolastatin 10 have been recorded. Copyright 1996 by the Royal Society of Chemistry.
- Pettit, George R.,Srirangam, Jayaram K.,Singh, Sheo Bux,Williams, Michael D.,Herald, Delbert L.,Barkoczy, Jozsef,Kantoci, Darko,Hogan, Fiona
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p. 859 - 863
(2007/10/03)
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- Synthesis and antitumor activity of novel dolastatin 10 analogs
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Dolastatin 10 (1) is a potent antineoplastic pentapeptide. Novel dolastatin 10 analogs each modified at one of the constituent amino acid derivatives, were synthesized and their antitumor activity was evaluated against P388 leukemia in mice. The structural requirements for antitumor activity are discussed. Some of the analogs, 31c, 35c, 38b, and 50c showed excellent activity in vivo. Highly active 50c, which lacks the thiazole group of 1, was selected for further development as an antitumor agent.
- Miyazaki,Kobayashi,Natsume,Gondo,Mikami,Sakakibara,Tsukagoshi
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p. 1706 - 1718
(2007/10/03)
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