- Host polymorphs and crystalline host-guest complexes of 3,3′-bis(9-hydroxy-9-fluorenyl)biphenyl
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The diol host compound 2 featuring a structure with two 9-fluorenol moieties attached in 3,3′-position to a biphenyl core unit has been synthesized and is shown to form crystalline inclusion complexes with organic guest molecules. Aside from the single-crystal X-ray structures of unsolvated 2 in two polymorphous forms (2A, 2B), structures of five inclusion compounds with 1,4-dioxane (2a), DMSO (2b), diethylamine (2c), acetic acid (2d), and ethyl acetate (2e) are described and comparatively discussed in the interaction behavior including corresponding host compounds with different attachment mode of the biphenyl unit and the diphenylhydroxymethyl-substituted equivalent.
- Skobridis, Konstantinos,Theodorou, Vassiliki,Seichter, Wilhelm,Weber, Edwin
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Read Online
- Soluble gold and palladium complexes heterogenized on MCM-41 are effective and versatile catalysts
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Chiral Schiff base-gold and -palladium complexes were immobilized on ordered mesoporous silica supports (MCM-41), and their catalytic hydrogenation ability is studied and compared with that of their homogeneous counterparts. The high accessibility introduced by the structure of the supports allows the preparation of highly efficient immobilized catalysts with TOFs of up to 6000 h-1 for the hydrogenation of diethyl itaconate. The easily recoverable immobilized catalysts duplicate the activity of their homogeneous analogues, and no deactivation of the catalysts is observed after repeated recycling. Gold(III) homogeneous or heterogenized complexes also catalyze the homocoupling of arylboronic acids or alkynes to afford symmetrical biaryls, whereas the respective gold(I) and palladium(II) complexes catalyze the corresponding cross-coupling reaction. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2008.
- Gonzalez-Arellano, Camino,Corma, Avelino,Iglesias, Marta,Sanchez, Felix
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Read Online
- Novel electron-transfer oxidation of Lipshutz cuprates with 1,4-benzoquinones: An efficient homo-coupling reaction of aryl halides and its application to the construction of macrocyclic systems
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The electron transfer reaction from Lipshutz cuprates, which can be easily prepared from aryl bromides, to 1,4-benzoquinones was found to proceed smoothly, affording either the corresponding homo-coupling products, in modest to excellent yields, or macrocyclic products selectively.
- Miyake, Yoshihiro,Wu, Mo,Rahman, M. Jalilur,Iyoda, Masahiko
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Read Online
- Heterogenized gold(I), gold(III), and palladium(II) complexes for C-C bond reactions
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Recycling of heterogenized gold(I), gold(III), and palladium(II) complexes could be achieved for Suzuki and Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction between iodo benzene and arylboronic acids or alkynes. Au(I) and Pd(II) afford selectively nonsymmetrical biaryl compounds, while gold(III) complexes can only catalyze the arylboronic or alkynes homocoupling. Recycling occurs without loss of the catalytic activity after several reaction cycles. Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart.
- Corma, Avelino,González-Arellano, Camino,Iglesias, Marta,Pérez-Ferreras, Susana,Sánchez, Félix
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Read Online
- Phosphorescent OLED and hole transporting materials for phosphorescent OLEDS
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The present invention relates to phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) including a hole-transporting or a hole-transporting and an electron-blocking layer including an N,N,N′,N′-tetraaryl-phenylene-3,5-diamine or an N,N,N′,N′-tetraaryl-1,1′-biphenyl-3,3′-diamine matrix compound and to new N,N,N′,N′-tetraarylsubstituted m-arylene diamine compounds useful as hole-transporting and electron-blocking layer matrices in phosphorescent OLEDs.
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Page/Page column 15-16
(2020/12/23)
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- Diazcarbazole derivative, preparation method thereof, and application of diazcarbazole derivative as electroluminescent material
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The invention belongs to the technical field of organic photoelectric material application, and particularly relates to a diazcarbazole derivative with different relative positions of N atoms and an application of the diazcarbazole derivative as an electroluminescent material. Carbazole-like group diazcarbazole with an electron-deficient property is introduced, and a triplet state of the materialcan be realized and the molecular orbital energy level can be adjustable through bonding with different groups, so that efficient recombination of carriers in an organic electroluminescent device is achieved fundamentally, an efficient and energy-saving organic light emitting diode (OLED) device is obtained, and the diazcarbazole derivative can be widely applied to the field of organic electroluminescence. The structural general formula of the material is as shown in the formula I, wherein a same diazcarbazole (diazcarbazole with N positions of 1,8, 1,7, 1,6, 2,7, 2,6, 2,5, 3,6, 3,5, and 4,5)is taken as a core, the L group is a bridging group for bonding the diazlocarbazole, the L group is selected from aromatic groups or aromatic heterocyclic groups containing heteroatoms, m and n are the numbers of the diazicarbazole, and the sum of m and n is greater than or equal to 1.
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Paragraph 0138; 0139; 0140
(2019/03/26)
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- Decarboxylative Benzylation of Aryl and Alkenyl Boronic Esters
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The copper-catalyzed decarboxylative benzylation of aryl and alkenyl boronic esters with electron-deficient aryl acetates is reported. The oxidative coupling proceeds under mild, aerobic conditions and tolerates a host of potentially reactive electrophilic functional groups that would be problematic with traditional benzylation methods (aryl iodides and bromides, protic heteroatoms, aldehydes, Michael acceptors). A reaction pathway in which a benzylic nucleophile is generated by aryl acetate decarboxylation and in turn is intercepted by the catalyst to form diarylmethane products is supported by mechanistic studies.
- Moon, Patrick J.,Fahandej-Sadi, Anis,Qian, Wenyu,Lundgren, Rylan J.
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supporting information
p. 4612 - 4616
(2018/03/26)
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- A ligand free protocol using Cu(OAc)2@Mont K-10 as versatile reusable catalyst for efficient homocoupling of arylboronic acids for synthesis of symmetric biaryls
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Biaryls are an important class of organic compounds that occur in many natural products and they have a wide variety of applications in drugs, agrochemicals, dyes, semi-conductors, and asymmetric syntheses. A versatile, eco-friendly, recyclable, heterogeneous catalyst has been developed for the efficient synthesis of symmetric biaryls from aryl boronic acids. The developed protocol for homocoupling of aryl boronic acid to symmetric biaryls is based on copper acetate supported on acid activated Mont K-10 which is ligand free, mild, inexpensive and compatible with wide range of functional groups and exhibit excellent yields. The catalyst is characterised by FTIR, ESR, XRD, SEM-EDX, BET surface area measurement and the catalyst can be separated from the reaction mixture by simple centrifugation and reused upto five cycles without significant loss in activity.
- Rahman, Taskia,Borah, Geetika,Gogoi, Pradip K.
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p. 795 - 800
(2020/06/26)
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- Ligand- and Base-Free Access to Diverse Biaryls by the Reductive Coupling of Diaryliodonium Salts
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A ligand- and base-free, Pd-catalyzed protocol to access a wide range of symmetrical and unsymmetrical biaryls from stable diaryliodonium salts was developed. The reaction involved the use of an effective and recyclable Pd/polyethylene glycol-400 catalyst system to harness the aryl moieties of two diaryliodonium salts; the ensuing biaryls may be utilized to synthesize an array of useful compounds, including 5-aryluracils, carbazoles, chromenones, fluorenones, phenathridines, and boscalid analogues.
- Arun,Reddy, P. O. Venkataramana,Pilania, Meenakshi,Kumar, Dalip
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supporting information
p. 2096 - 2100
(2016/05/09)
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- Pd(OAc)2 catalyzed homocoupling of arenediazonium salts in ionic liquids: Synthesis of symmetrical biaryls
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A facile, high yielding, and simple method for the synthesis of a library of symmetrical biaryls by homocoupling of arenediazonium salts is reported, employing catalytic amounts of Pd(OAc)2 and the readily available imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs), without oxidants, ligands, additives, or volatile solvents. Simple product isolation and recycling/reuse of the IL represent additional advantages of this method.
- Savanur, Hemantkumar M.,Kalkhambkar, Rajesh G.,Laali, Kenneth K.
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p. 663 - 667
(2016/01/26)
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- Design, synthesis, characterization and application of a novel electron-deficient moiety 1,5-diazacarbazole in high triplet energy host materials
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A novel electron deficient, high triplet energy moiety 1,5-diazacarbazole (NCz) was designed, synthesized and firstly introduced for the construction of phosphorescent host materials. And the two synthesized NCz derivatives NCzBPhCz and NCzBPhNCz possessed high triplet energy (ET = 2.85 eV) and bipolar transporting ability. The structure and nitrogen atom position in the diazacarbazole unit were verified by crystallographic analysis of their single crystals and by 2D-NMR. The frontier molecular orbital distribution, electrochemical, thermal and photophysical properties, and electroluminescence of the two new host materials were systematically investigated. Finally, the bis(3,5-difluoro-2-(2-pyridyl)phenyl-(2-carboxypyridyl)iridium(iii)) (FIrpic)-doped NCzBPhCz based blue device exhibited high efficiencies with a ηEQE,max of 24.0%, a ηC,max of 47.8 cd A-1 and a ηP,max of 45.6 lm W-1. Furthermore, a two-color, all-phosphor single layer white device displayed a ηEQE,max of 20.7%, a ηC,max of 62.1 cd A-1 and a ηP,max of 49.5 lm W-1. This study definitely demonstrates that the novel electron deficient unit NCz has great potential for the fabrication of host materials and provides a useful strategy in the design of new high triplet energy and good charge-transporting hosts.
- Tan, Jianghong,Wang, Bo,Huang, Zhi,Lv, Xialei,Yi, Wei,Zhuang, Shaoqing,Wang, Lei
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p. 5222 - 5230
(2016/07/06)
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- Pd(OAc)2/PPh3-catalyzed desulfonylative homocoupling of arylsulfonyl chlorides
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The Pd-catalyzed homodimerization with respect to arylsulfonyl chlorides as an efficient method for the synthesis of biaryls has been developed. This desulfonylative reaction which was performed at reflux in 1,4-dioxane for 4 h under air afforded the desired products in good to excellent yields. The Pd(OAc)2/PPh3-catalyzed desulfonylative homodimerization of arenesulfonyl chlorides as an efficient method for the synthesis of biaryls was described. The corresponding products were obtained in good to excellent yields.
- Zhao, Qiao,Chen, Liangshun,Lang, Hongyue,Wu, Shengying,Wang, Limin
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p. 535 - 538
(2015/05/27)
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- Iron carbonyl cluster-incorporated Cu(i) NHC complexes in homocoupling of arylboronic acids: An effective [TeFe3(CO)9]2- ligand
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A new type of TeFe3(CO)9-incorporated dicopper NHC complex was obtained directly from one-pot reactions. By the introduction of the cluster anion [TeFe3(CO)9]2- and NHCs as the ligands, these di-Cu(i)-based complexes exhibited pronounced catalytic activities toward the homocoupling of arylboronic acids with low Cu loadings and high yields (up to 98%).
- Lin, Chien-Nan,Huang, Chung-Yi,Yu, Chia-Chi,Chen, Yen-Ming,Ke, Wei-Ming,Wang, Guan-Jung,Lee, Gon-Ann,Shieh, Minghuey
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supporting information
p. 16675 - 16679
(2015/10/06)
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- Evaluation of SILP-Pd catalysts for Heck reactions in a microfluidics-based high throughput flow reactor
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Heck reaction of aryl iodides and methyl acrylate was carried out in an X-Cube reactor in the presence of supported catalysts. Palladium was immobilised by different methods on silica with covalently grafted ionic liquid moieties. Activity and selectivity of the SILP-Pd (supported ionic liquid phase) catalysts were found to depend greatly on the conditions (such as solvent and additives) of immobilisation. By the proper choice of the methodology used during heterogenisation, a selective catalyst, showing stable performance for hours on stream, was obtained.
- Urbán, Béla,Srankó, Dávid,Sáfrán, Gy?rgy,ürge, László,Darvas, Ferenc,Bakos, József,Skoda-F?ldes, Rita
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p. 364 - 372
(2014/12/10)
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- NOVEL COMPOUND, MATERIAL FOR ORGANIC ELECTROLUMINESCENCE DEVICE, AND ORGANIC ELECTROLUMINESCENCE DEVICE
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A specific material for organic electroluminescence device having m-phenylene skeleton in its molecule realizes a highly heat-resistant and long lifetime organic electroluminescence device capable of driving at low voltage with high efficiency.
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Paragraph 0192; 0193; 0194; 0195
(2014/04/04)
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- POLYCYCLIC COMPOUNDS AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING THE SAME
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The present disclosure provides compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, for inhibiting the growth of a microbe; treating a mammal having a microbial infection, malaria, mucositis, an ophthalmic infection, an otic infection, a cancer, or a Mycobacterium infection; killing or inhibiting the growth of a Plasmodium species; inhibiting the growth of a Mycobacterium species; modulating an immune response in a mammal; or antagonizing unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparin, or a heparin/low molecular weight heparin derivative.
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Page/Page column 194; 195
(2014/07/07)
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- Copper-catalyzed Hiyama coupling of (hetero)aryltriethoxysilanes with (hetero)aryl iodides
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A CuI-catalyzed Hiyama coupling was achieved, which proceeds in the absence of an ancillary ligand for aryl-heteroaryl and heteroaryl-heteroaryl couplings. A P,N-ligand is required to obtain the best product yields for aryl-aryl couplings. In addition to facilitating transmetalation, CsF is also found to function as a stabilizer of the [CuAr] species, potentially generated as an intermediate after transmetalation of aryltriethoxysilanes with Cu I-catalysts in the absence of ancillary ligands.
- Gurung, Santosh K.,Thapa, Surendra,Vangala, Adarsh S.,Giri, Ramesh
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supporting information
p. 5378 - 5381
(2013/11/06)
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- Triazine based bipolar host materials for blue phosphorescent OLEDs
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Two novel bipolar host materials BPTRZ and MBPTRZ were synthesized, in which the hole transporting carbazole is separated from the electron transporting triazine moiety by a fully aromatic, but nonconjugated meta-linked biphenyl unit. The additional twist at the biphenyl in MBPTRZ, which is achieved by methyl-substitution in 2- and 2′-position of the biphenyl leads to a higher triplet energy of 2.81 eV compared to 2.70 eV for BPTRZ. Both materials possess high thermal stabilities and good glass forming properties. An organic light emitting diode with MBPTRZ as host for the blue phosphorescence emitter FIrpic shows a maximum luminance of 30600 cd/m2 and a maximum external quantum efficiency of 7.0%.
- Wagner, Daniel,Hoffmann, Sebastian T.,Heinemeyer, Ute,Muenster, Ingo,Koehler, Anna,Strohriegl, Peter
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p. 3758 - 3765
(2013/10/21)
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- Meta-linked CBP-derivatives as host materials for a blue iridium carbene complex
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We present four derivatives of 4,4′-bis(9-carbazolyl)biphenyl (CBP) for the use as host materials in blue phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes. By replacing the para-linkage by a meta-linkage of the carbazole substituents at the central biphenyl unit materials with improved thermal and optical properties are obtained. The triplet energy of the meta-linked host materials is significantly increased to more than 2.90 eV compared to 2.58 eV for the para-linked CBP. Moreover, selective methyl substitution of the basic meta-CBP structure leads to materials with high glass transition temperatures up to 120 °C and electrochemical stability of the oxidised species against dimerisation. The high triplet energy allows the use of the meta-CBP derivatives as host materials for the carbene emitter mer-tris(N-dibenzofuranyl-N′- methylimidazole)iridium (III) (Ir(dbfmi)) with a pure blue emission at 450 nm.
- Schr?gel, Pamela,Langer, Nicolle,Schildknecht, Christian,Wagenblast, Gerhard,Lennartz, Christian,Strohriegl, Peter
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scheme or table
p. 2047 - 2055
(2012/04/05)
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- Homocoupling of arylboronic acids catalyzed by simple gold salts
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A range of arylboronic acids undergo a homocoupling reaction in the presence of catalytic amount of gold salts to yield symmetrical biaryls. Alkenylboronic acids, arylboronic esters, and arylborates also participate in the gold-catalyzed homocoupling reaction.
- Matsuda, Takanori,Asai, Taro,Shiose, Shigeru,Kato, Kotaro
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experimental part
p. 4779 - 4781
(2011/10/05)
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- BISANTHRACENE DERIVATIVE AND ORGANIC ELECTROLUMINESCENT DEVICE USING SAME
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A bisanthracene derivative having a specific structure and an organic electroluminescence device having an organic thin film layer which has one layer or a plurality of layers including at least a light emitting layer, and is disposed between a cathode and an anode and contains the bisanthracene derivatives singly or as a component of a mixture. The organic electroluminescence device exhibits a great efficiency of light emission in a region including a high luminance region and has a long life, and the bisanthracene derivative realizes the device.
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- Efficient construction of biaryls and macrocyclic cyclophanes via electron-transfer oxidation of Lipshutz cuprates
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An efficient method for the homocoupling of aryl halides by electron-transfer oxidation of Lipshutz cuprates (Ar2Cu(CN)Li 2) with organic electron acceptors is disclosed. Thus, various types of Lipshutz cuprates are prepared by successive treatment of aryl or heteroaryl bromides with tert-butyllithium and CuCN. The electron-transfer oxidation of Lipshutz cuprates with p-benzoquinones proceeds smoothly to afford the corresponding homocoupling products in moderate to good yields. Furthermore, it can be applied to the construction of either thiophene- or benzene-fused 10-membered ring cyclophanes. For the synthesis of 10-membered cyclophanes, the linear C-Cu-C structure of Lipshutz cuprates should be maintained in the dimetallacyclic intermediates, producing the large ring cyclophanes efficiently. The X-ray analysis of the cyclophanes reveals that the difference in the bridging atoms results in the different conformations of the macrocyclic rings. Thus, the silicon-bridged cyclophane 5a adopts a D2-symmetric structure with a twisted rhombic arrangement of four thiophene rings, whereas the methylene- and oxygen-bridged cyclophanes 5b and 5c possess C2h- and C2-symmetric structures with chair- and boatlike conformations, respectively. The 1H NMR spectrum of C2-symmetric 5c is temperature-dependent, and the activation energy (ΔG?) for the conformational change is 10.1 kcal/mol.
- Miyake, Yoshihiro,Wu, Mo,Rahman, M. Jalilur,Kuwatani, Yoshiyuki,Iyoda, Masahiko
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p. 6110 - 6117
(2007/10/03)
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- BISANTHRACENE DERIVATIVE AND ORGANIC ELECTROLUMINESCENT DEVICE USING SAME
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Disclosed are bisanthracene derivatives of a specific structure represented by the formula (1) below. Also disclosed is an organic electroluminescent device wherein an organic thin film composed of one or more layers including at least a light-emitting layer is interposed between an anode and a cathode and the organic thin film contains at least one of the bisanthracene derivatives by itself or as a component of a mixture. Such an organic electroluminescent device has long life while exhibiting high luminous efficiency even in the high luminance region. The above-mentioned bisanthracene derivatives enable to realize such an organic electroluminescent device. (In the formula, Ar1 and Ar2 independently represent a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6-50 nuclear carbon atoms, Ar3 represents a substituted or unsubstituted phenylene group or the like, R1-R18 independently represent a hydrogen atom or the like, m and n respectively represent an integer of 0-4, q represents an integer of 1-3, and p represents an integer of 0-2.)
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Page/Page column 40
(2008/06/13)
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- Gold (I) and (III) catalyze Suzuki cross-coupling and homocoupling, respectively
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Trinuclear triphenylphosphine 1,2Au(I) complexes with the [N,N,O]-tridentate unsymmetrical Schiff bases (1,2) catalyze the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction to afford nonsymmetrical biaryls in good yields, whereas the 1,2Au(III) complexes give only arylboronic homocoupling.
- Gonzalez-Arellano,Corma,Iglesias,Sanchez
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p. 497 - 501
(2007/10/03)
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- Role of Copper Species in the Oxidative Dimerization of Arylboronic Acids: Synthesis of Symmetrical Biaryls
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Certain Cu(I) and Cu(II) salts are able to mediate the dimerization of arylboronic acids in DMF. They provide the corresponding symmetrical biaryls in moderate to very good yields. It is possible to run the reaction catalytically under an oxygen atmosphere without a significant loss of yields.
- Demir, Ayhan S.,Reis, Oemer,Emrullahoglu, Mustafa
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p. 10130 - 10134
(2007/10/03)
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- Simple and efficient TiCl4-mediated synthesis of biaryls via arylmagnesium compounds
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Oxidative self-coupling reactions of various arylmagnesium bromides with TiCl4 affords the corresponding symmetric biaryls in moderate to good yields at 0°C or lower. Tributylmagnesate-induced halogen-magnesium exchange of aryl halides followed by the coupling reaction provides biaryls in good yields under mild conditions. This method can achieve a one-pot synthesis of biaryls containing functional groups such as esters, amides, or nitriles. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.
- Inoue, Atsushi,Kitagawa, Kazuya,Shinokubo, Hiroshi,Oshima, Koichiro
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p. 9601 - 9605
(2007/10/03)
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- Vapour-phase Chemistry of Arenes. Part 13. Reactivity and Selectivity in the Gas-phase Reactions of Hydroxyl Radicals with Monosubstituted Benzenes at 563 K
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The reactions of hydroxyl radicals with benzene derivates C6H5Z (Z = H, Me, F, Cl, Br, I, CF3, or CN) have been studied in a flow reactor at 563 K in nitrogen, using the thermolysis of ButOOH as a source of .OH.Under these conditions there are two product-forming pathways.The major one involves hydrogen abstraction to give aryl radicals ZC6H4. (II) as the first step; depending on Z, its displacement to form phenol may also occur.Relative rates for hydrogen abstraction were determined in competition experiments using side-chain hydrogen abstraction from added toluene as a reference.This resulted in the order (for Z =): 1,8(Me), 1.0(H), 0.47(F), 0.29(Cl), 0.34(CF3), 0.20(CN), consonant with the electrophilic nature of .OH.The site selectivity of hydrogen abstractions was determined by scavenging part of the aryl radicals (II) with iodine.A Hammett plot, using ? constants for meta and para positions, led to ρ -1.0.The features of hydrogen abstraction by .OH are discussed and compared with those for the analogous reaction of Cl.The formation of phenol was found to decrease in importance in the order F, Cl, Br, and I.This result is rationalized on a thermochemical kinetic basis.
- Mulder, Peter,Louw, Robert
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p. 1167 - 1174
(2007/10/02)
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- SYNTHESES AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SEVERAL POLYPHENYLENES CONTAINING MIXED LINKAGES.
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Fourteen macrocyclic polyphenylenes, including ten new compounds, were synthesized by intra- or intermolecular homo-coupling of di-Grignard compound and by cross-coupling of two kinds of di-Grignard compounds with copper(II) chloride, **1H NMR spectra of the polyphenylenes, compared with those of open-chain analogues, provide valuable information on the nonplanar spacial relationship of constituting phenylene rings. UV spectra of the compounds containing p-phenylene ring(s) suggest that the lack or decrease in intensity of K-band above ca. 260 nm or a marked shift of that band provides useful conformational information. Empirical Hueckel molecular orbital calculations of longest-wavelength absorption bands of twelve polyphenylenes were also carried out.
- Fujioka
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p. 3494 - 3506
(2007/10/02)
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- PALLADIUM(II)-CATALYZED OXIDATIVE COUPLING OF ARENES BY THALLIUM(III)
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Oxidation of benzenes with electron-donating and moderate electron-withdrawing substituents by thallium(III) trifluoroacetate in the presence of catalytic amounts of palladium(II) acetate affords biaryls in good yields.The GLC study of the isomer distribution has shown that 4,4'-biaryls are the major products.Thus, the 4,4'-biaryls can be easily isolated either by recrystallization or column chromatography.The competitive experiments and kinetic study using arenes and arylthallium derivatives as starting materials as well as quenching experiments have demonstrated the first step of the reaction to be fast thallation of arene to form arylthallium intermediate ArTl(OOCCF3)2.The latter undergoes the rate-determining transmetallation step reacting with monomeric complex Pd(OAc)2, which is formed upon depolymerization of trimer Pd3(OAc)6.Subsequent fast decomposition of arylpalladium species gives the final reaction products.The thallation of arene and substitution of TlIII for PdII in ArTl(OOCCF3)2 are characterized by the slopes of Hammet plots of -5.6 (?+) and -3.0 (?), respectively.
- Yatsimirsky, Anatoly K.,Deiko, Sergei A.,Ryabov, Alexander D.
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p. 2381 - 2392
(2007/10/02)
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