- Diaryliodonium Salt-Based Synthesis of N-Alkoxyindolines and Further Insights into the Ishikawa Indole Synthesis
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A diaryliodonium salt-based strategy enabled the first systematic synthesis of rarely accessible N-alkoxyindolines. Mechanistic analyses suggested that the reaction likely involves reductive elimination of iodobenzene from iodaoxazepine via a four-membered transition state, followed by Meisenheimer rearrangement. Substrates with N-carbamate protection afforded indole in a manner similar to that of the Ishikawa indole synthesis. Preinstallation of a stannyl group as an iodonium salt precursor greatly expanded the substrate scope, and further mechanistic insights are discussed.
- Ogura, Akihiro,Shibata, Kouhei,Takao, Ken-Ichi
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p. 10067 - 10087
(2021/07/26)
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- Highly Ordered Mesoporous Cobalt Oxide as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Aerobic Oxidative Aromatization of N-Heterocycles
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N-heterocycles are key structures for many pharmaceutical intermediates. The synthesis of such units normally is conducted under homogeneous catalytic conditions. Among all methods, aerobic oxidative aromatization is one of the most effective. However, in homogeneous conditions, catalysts are difficult to be recycled. Herein, we report a heterogeneous catalytic strategy with a mesoporous cobalt oxide as catalyst. The developed protocol shows a broad applicability for the synthesis of N-heterocycles (32 examples, up to 99 % yield), and the catalyst presents high turnover numbers (7.41) in the absence of any additives. Such a heterogenous approach can be easily scaled up. Furthermore, the catalyst can be recycled by simply filtration and be reused for at least six times without obvious deactivation. Comparative studies reveal that the high surface area of mesoporous cobalt oxide plays an important role on the catalytic reactivity. The outstanding recycling capacity makes the catalyst industrially practical and sustainable for the synthesis of diverse N-heterocycles.
- Cao, Yue,Wu, Yong,Zhang, Yuanteng,Zhou, Jing,Xiao, Wei,Gu, Dong
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p. 3679 - 3686
(2021/06/18)
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- A NaH-promoted N-detosylation reaction of diverse p-toluenesulfonamides
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A NaH-mediated detosylation reaction of various Ts-protected indoles, azaheterocycles, anilines and dibenzylamine was reported. The method features cheap reagent, convenient operations, mild reaction conditions and broad substrate scope. Moreover, this study revealed that the loading of NaH in tosylation reactions of nitrogen-containing compounds with NaH as a base in DMA or DMF should be controlled due to the possibility of adverse detosylation.
- Sun, Wanwan,Chen, Xiaobei,Hu, Ying,Geng, Huihui,Jiang, Yuanrui,Zhou, Yuxin,Zhu, Wenjing,Hu, Min,Hu, Haohua,Wang, Xingyi,Wang, Xinli,Zhang, Shilei,Hu, Yanwei
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supporting information
(2020/10/05)
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- Room temperature dehalogenation of (hetero)aryl halides with magnesium/methanol
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Magnesium in methanol was found to be an effective and inexpensive reagent for the dehalogenation of (hetero)aryl chlorides, bromides and iodides under mild conditions. The halogen/hydrogen exchange proceeded at room temperature and tolerated functional groups such as esters, nitriles, alcohols, and alkenes.
- Jouha, Jabrane,Khouili, Mostafa,Hiebel, Marie-Aude,Guillaumet, Gérald,Suzenet, Franck
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supporting information
p. 3108 - 3111
(2018/07/13)
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- Dehydrogenation of N-Heterocycles by Superoxide Ion Generated through Single-Electron Transfer
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Nitrogen-containing heteroarene motifs are found in numerous pharmaceuticals, natural products, and synthetic materials. Although several elegant methods for synthesis of these compounds through dehydrogenation of the corresponding saturated heterocycles have been reported, some of the methods are hampered by long reaction times, harsh conditions, and the need for catalysts that are not readily available. This work reports a novel method for dehydrogenation of N-heterocycles. Specifically, O2.? generated in situ acts as the oxidant for N-heterocycle substrates that are susceptible to oxidation through a hydrogen atom transfer mechanism. This method provides a general, green route to N-heteroarenes.
- Huang, Yuan-Qiong,Song, Hong-Jian,Liu, Yu-Xiu,Wang, Qing-Min
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supporting information
p. 2065 - 2069
(2018/01/27)
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- Development of indole sulfonamides as cannabinoid receptor negative allosteric modulators
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Existing CB1 negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) fall into a limited range of structural classes. In spite of the theoretical potential of CB1 NAMs, published in vivo studies have generally not been able to demonstrate the expected therapeutically-relevant CB1-mediated effects. Thus, a greater range of molecular tools are required to allow definitive elucidation of the effects of CB1 allosteric modulation. In this study, we show a novel series of indole sulfonamides. Compounds 5e and 6c (ABD1075) had potencies of 4 and 3?nM respectively, and showed good oral exposure and CNS penetration, making them highly versatile tools for investigating the therapeutic potential of allosteric modulation of the cannabinoid system.
- Greig, Iain R.,Baillie, Gemma L.,Abdelrahman, Mostafa,Trembleau, Laurent,Ross, Ruth A.
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p. 4403 - 4407
(2016/08/25)
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- PROCESS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF IDALOPIRDINE
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Disclosed herein is a process for the preparation of idalopirdine and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
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Paragraph 0073; 0074; 0075
(2016/07/05)
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- Bismuth Acetate as a Catalyst for the Sequential Protodeboronation of Di- and Triborylated Indoles
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Bismuth(III) acetate is a safe, inexpensive, and selective facilitator of sequential protodeboronations, which when used in conjunction with Ir-catalyzed borylations allows access to a diversity of borylated indoles. The versatility of combining Ir-catalyzed borylations with Bi(III)-catalyzed protodeboronation is demonstrated by selectively converting 6-fluoroindole into products with Bpin groups at the 4-, 5-, 7-, 2,7-, 4,7-, 3,5-, and 2,4,7-positions and the late-stage functionalization of sumatriptan.
- Shen, Fangyi,Tyagarajan, Sriram,Perera, Damith,Krska, Shane W.,Maligres, Peter E.,Smith, Milton R.,Maleczka, Robert E.
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supporting information
p. 1554 - 1557
(2016/05/02)
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- Catalytic synthesis method of indole compounds
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The invention discloses a catalytic synthesis method of indole compounds.The method includes the following steps of firstly, conducting stirring reaction on ortho-nitrostyrolene or derivatives of ortho-nitrostyrolene, bis(pinacolato)diboron, alkali and low-grade saturated monohydric alcohol under the atmosphere of nitrogen; secondly, cooling the reaction product in the first step to the room temperature, adding ethyl acetate to be sufficiently mixed, and washing with ethyl acetate after filtering; thirdly, spin-drying low-grade saturated monohydric alcohol in an organic phase of the material obtained in the second step, passing through a silica gel column, and drip washing the silica gel column with eluent composed of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate to obtain pure products, namely, the indole compounds.By means of the method, under the neutral conditions, bis(pinacolato)diboron low in price serves as the raw material, friendly low-grade saturated monohydric alcohol serves as the solvent, the indole compounds are obtained through simple operation, the raw materials are low in price and easy to obtain, efficiency and safety are high, and wide expandability and good industrial application prospects are achieved.
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Paragraph 0024; 0025; 0026; 0027; 0028; 0029; 0030; 0031
(2016/10/10)
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- Synthesis and anti-tumor activity of 2-amino-3-cyano-6-(1H-indol-3-yl)-4- phenylpyridine derivatives in vitro
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A series of novel 2-amino-3-cyano-6-(1H-indol-3-yl)-4-phenylpyridine derivatives were synthesized and their cytotoxic activity against A549, H460, HT-29 and SMMC-7721 cell lines was evaluated in vitro. Among them, ten compounds (10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 26, 27, 29, 30 and 31) displayed excellent anti-tumor activity against different cell lines. The most promising compound 27 showed strong anti-tumor activity against A549, H460, HT-29 and SMMC-7721 cell lines with IC50 values of 22, 0.23, 0.65 and 0.77 nM, which were 2.6-, 83-, 1.1 × 103- and 2.0 × 103- fold more active than MX-58151 (IC50 values of 0.058, 0.019, 0.70 and 1.53 μM), respectively.
- Zhang, Fan,Zhao, Yanfang,Sun, Li,Ding, Lu,Gu, Yucheng,Gong, Ping
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p. 3149 - 3157
(2011/06/26)
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- INDOLE CARBOXAMIDES AS IKK2 INHIBITORS
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The invention is directed to novel indole carboxamide compounds. Specifically, the invention is directed to compounds according to formula (I): wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, and m are as defined herein. The compounds of the invention are inhibitors of IKK2 and can be useful in the treatment of disorders associated with inappropriate IKK2 (also known as IKKβ) activity, such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, rhinitis, and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). Accordingly, the invention is further directed to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the invention. The invention is still further directed to methods of inhibiting IKK2 activity and treatment of disorders associated therewith using a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention.
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Page/Page column 126
(2008/12/04)
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- Synthesis and structure of fluoroindole nucleosides
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Chemically modified bases are frequently used to stabilize nucleic acids, to study the driving forces for nucleic acid structure formation, and to tune DNA and RNA hybridization conditions. Nucleoside analogues are chemical means to investigate hydrogen bonds, base stacking, and solvation as the three predominant forces that are responsible for the stability of nucleic acids. To obtain deeper insight into the contributions of these interactions to RNA stability, we decided to synthesize some novel nucleic acid analogues where the nucleobases are replaced by fluoroindoles. Fluorinated indoles can be compared with fluorinated benzimidazoles to determine the role of nitrogen in five-membered ring systems. The synthesis of fluoroindole ribonucleosides as well as the X-ray crystal structures of all synthesized fluoroindole ribonucleosides are reported here. These compounds could also be building blocks for a variety of biologically active RNA analogues.
- Bozilovic, Jelena,Bats, Jan W.,Engels, Joachim W.
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p. 283 - 292
(2008/02/11)
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- Synthesis of fluorinated indoles as RNA analogues
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Nucleoside analogues are chemical means to investigate hydrogen bonds, base stacking, and solvation as the three predominant forces that are responsible for the stability of secondary structure of nucleic acids. To obtain deeper insight into the contributions of these interactions to RNA stability apart from the ones exerted by the predominant nucleosides we decided to synthesize some novel nucleic acid analogues where the nucleobases are replaced by fluoroindoles. Fluorinated indoles can be compared to fluorinated benzimidazoles to determine the role of nitrogen in five membered ring system. The synthesis of fluoroindole ribonucleosides is described here. Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
- Bozilovic, Jelena,Engels, Joachim W.
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p. 869 - 871
(2008/03/27)
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- In search of simplicity and flexibility: A rational access to twelve fluoroindolecarboxylic acids
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All twelve indolecarboxylic acids 1-12 carrying both a fluorine substituent and a carboxy group at the benzo ring have been prepared either directly from the corresponding fluoroindoles 13-16 or from the chlorinated derivatives 22, 23 and 25 by hydrogen/metal permutation ("metalation"), or from the bromo- or iodofluoroindoles 17-20 and 26, 27, 29 and 30 by halogen/metal permutation, the organometallic intermediate being each time trapped with carbon dioxide. In most, though not all cases, the nitrogen atom in the five-membered ring had to be protected by a trialkylsilyl group. Some of the bromo- or iodofluoroindoles (26 and 27) were successfully subjected to a basicity gradient-driven selective migration of the heavy halogen. An unexpected finding on the way to the target compounds were the rigorously site-selective metalation of the 5-fluoro-N-(trialkylsilyl)indole (14b; exclusive deprotonation of the 4-position). The fluoroindoles 13-16, although previously known, were accessed more conveniently from suitably substituted nitrobenzenes using the Bartoli or the Leimgruber-Batcho method. A new and very attractive indole synthesis was elaborated consisting of the ortho-lithiation of an N-acyl-protected aniline followed by ortho-formylation, Wittig chloromethylenation and base-catalyzed cyclization accompanied by dehydrochlorination. These five consecutive steps can be contracted to a convenient one-pot protocol. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006.
- Schlosser, Manfred,Ginanneschi, Assunta,Leroux, Frederic
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p. 2956 - 2969
(2007/10/03)
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- Indole, indazole and indoline derivatives as CETP inhibitors
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The present invention relates to compounds of formula (I): wherein —X—Y—, R1 to R11 and n are as defined in the description and claims, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compounds are useful for the treatment and/or prevention of diseases which are mediated by CETP inhibitors.
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Page/Page column 28
(2010/02/15)
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- Piperidyindoles as serotonin receptor ligands
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A pharmaceutical compound of the formula (I) in which R1 and R2 are each hydrogen or C1-6 alkyl, R3 is —SR10, —SOR10, —SO2R10, —COR10, —CH2OH or —CONHR11, where R10 is C1-6 alkyl and R11 is hydrogen or C1-6 alkyl, R4, R5, R6 and R7 are each hydrogen or C1-6 alkyl, provided that at least one of R4, R5, R6 and R7 is C1-6 alkyl, R8 and R9 are each hydrogen, halo, C1-6 alkyl or cyano, n is 0 or 1 and m is 2 or 3, x is a (a) or (b), and y is (c) or (d), wherein R12 and R13 are each hydrogen, C1- alkyl, cyclopropyl or cyclopropyl-C1-6 alkyl; and salts thereof.
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- 3-(4-Fluoropiperidin-3-yl)-2-phenylindoles as high affinity, selective, and orally bioavailable h5-HT2A receptor antagonists
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The development of very high affinity, selective, and bioavailable h5-HT2A receptor antagonists is described. By investigation of the optimal position for the basic nitrogen in a series of 2-phenyl-3-piperidylindoles, it was found that with the basic nitrogen at the 3-position of the piperidine it was not necessary to further substitute the piperidine in order to obtain good binding at h5-HT2A receptors. This meant the compounds no longer had high affinity at the IKr potassium channel, an issue with previous series of 2-aryl-3-(4-piperidyl)indoles. Improvements could be made to oral bioavailability in this series by reduction of the pKa of the basic nitrogen, by adding a fluorine atom to the piperidine ring, leading to 3-(4-fluoropiperidin-3-yl)-2-phenyl-1H-indole (17). Metabolic studies with this compound identified oxidation at the 6-position of the indole as a major route in vitro and in vivo in rats. Blocking this position with a fluorine atom led to 6-fluoro-3-(4-fluoropiperidin-3-yl)-2-phenyl-1H-indole (22), an antagonist with 0.06 nM affinity for h5-HT2A receptors, with bioavailability of 80% and half-life of 12 h in rats.
- Rowley,Hallett,Goodacre,Moyes,Crawforth,Sparey,Patel,Marwood,Patel,Thomas,Hitzel,O'Connor,Szeto,Castro,Hutson,Macleod
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p. 1603 - 1614
(2007/10/03)
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- CYTOTOXIC AMINO SUGAR AND RELATED SUGAR DERIVATIVES OF INDOLOPYRROLOCARBAZOLES
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The present invention concerns novel amino sugar and related sugar derivatives of indolopyrrolocarbazoles, their use as antitumor agents, and pharmaceutical formulations.
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- PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOUNDS
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A pharmaceutical compound of the formula in which R1 is hydrogen, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 alkoxy or halo, and R2 is hydrogen, C1-4 alkyl or C1-4 alkoxy; or a salt thereof.
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- Effect of ring fluorination on the pharmacology of hallucinogenic tryptamines
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A series of fluorinated analogues of the hallucinogenic tryptamines N,N-diethyltryptamine (DET), 4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (4-OH-DMT, psilocin), and 5-methoxy-DMT was synthesized to investigate possible explanations for the inactivity of 6-fluoro-DET as a hallucinogen and to determine the effects of fluorination on the molecular recognition and activation of these compounds at serotonin receptor subtypes. The target compounds were evaluated using in vivo behavioral assays for hallucinogen-like and 5-HT(1A) agonist activity and in vitro radioligand competition assays for their affinity at 5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2C), and 5-HT(1A) receptor sites. Functional activity at the 5-HT(2A) receptor was determined for all compounds. In addition, for some compounds functional activity was determined at the 5-HT(1A) receptor. Hallucinogen-like activity, evaluated in the two-lever drug discrimination paradigm using LSD-trained rats, was attenuated or abolished for all of the fluorinated analogues. One of the tryptamines, 4-fluoro-5-methoxy-DMT (6), displayed high 5-HT(1A) agonist activity, with potency greater than that of the 5-HT(1A) agonist 8-OH-DPAT. The ED50 of 6 in the two-lever drug discrimination paradigm using rats trained to discriminate the 5-HT(1A) agonist LY293284 was 0.17μmol/kg, and the K(i) at [3H]8-OH-DPAT-labeled 5-HT(1A) receptors was 0.23 nM. The results indicate that fluorination of hallucinogenic tryptamines generally has little effect on 5-HT(2A/2C) receptor affinity or intrinsic activity. Affinity at the 5-HT(1A) receptor was reduced, however, in all but one example, and all of the compounds tested were full agonists but with reduced functional potency at this serotonin receptor subtype. The one notable exception was 4-fluoro-5-methoxy-DMT (6), which had markedly enhanced 5-HT(1A) receptor affinity and functional potency. Although it is generally considered that hallucinogenic activity results from 5-HT(2A) receptor activation, the present results suggest a possible role for involvement of the 5-HT(1A) receptor with tryptamines.
- Blair,Kurrasch-Orbaugh,Marona-Lewicka,Gumbay,Watts,Barker,Nichols
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p. 4701 - 4710
(2007/10/03)
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- 1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazine-2,2-dioxide compounds or derivatives thereof
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A pharmaceutical compound having the formula: STR1 in which n is 1 or 2, m is 1 or 2, p is 1 to 6, q is 0 or 1 to 3, R1 and R2 are each hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl, R3, R4 and R5 are each hydrogen, C1-4 alkyl, optionally substituted phenyl or optionally substituted phenyl-C1-4 alkyl, or R3 and R4 together form an alkylene link of formula --(CH2)3 -- or --(CH2)4 --, or R4 and R5 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a C3-6 cycloalkyl group, R6 is C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 alkoxy, carboxy, hydroxy, cyano, halo, trifluoromethyl, nitro or amino, the dotted line represents an optional double bond, and the fluorine atom is attached at the 6 or 7-position; and salts and esters thereof.
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- Benzothiadiazinyl-indole derivatives and their use as serotonin receptor ligands
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Compounds having the formula: in which n is 1 or 2, m is 1 or 2, p is 1 to 6, q is 0 or 1 to 3, R1and R2are each hydrogen or C1-4alkyl, R3, R4and R5are each hydrogen, C1-4alkyl, optionally substituted phenyl or optionally substituted phenyl-C1-4alkyl, or R3and R4together form an alkylene link of formula -(CH2)3- or -(CH2)4-, or R4and R5together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a C3-6cycloalkyl group, R6is C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkoxy, carboxy, hydroxy, cyano, halo, trifluoromethyl, nitro or amino, the dotted line represents an optional double bond, and the fluorine atom is attached at the 6 or 7-position; and salts and esters thereof, are binding to the 5-HT serotonin receptor and are useful in the treatment of CNS disorders.
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- Tricyclic compounds having fungicidal activity, their preparation and their use
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Compounds of formula (I): STR1 ?wherein: R1 represents halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkyloxy; R2 represents hydrogen or halogen; R3 represents hydrogen, alkyl, or cycloalkyl; and the dotted line represents a single or double carbon--carbon bond!; and salts thereof have valuable fungicidal activities which make them of considerable value in agriculture and horticulture.
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- Novel tryptophan dioxygenase inhibitors and combined tryptophan dioxygenase/5-HT reuptake inhibitors
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Tryptophan dioxygenase (TDO) is a liver enzyme that is responsible for the majority of the metabolism of tryptophan. A series of novel 3-(2-pyridylethenyl)indoles are shown to be potent inhibitors of TDO with selected members of the series also having 5-hydroxy tryptamine (5-HT) reuptake inhibitory activity. These compounds are shown to provide significant increases in the levels of tryptophan and 5-HT in the cerebrospinal fluid and are thus of interest for antidepressant therapy.
- Madge,Hazelwood,Iyer,Jones,Salter
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p. 857 - 860
(2007/10/03)
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- 2-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1,2,4,5-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,2,1-hi]indole derivatives useful as antidiabetic agents
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2-(4,5-Dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1,2,4,5-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,2,1-hi]indole derivatives and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts are useful an antidiabetic agents.
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- Some Observations on the Formation of 1-Hydroxyindoles in the Leimgruber-Batcho Indole Synthesis
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The factors influencing the formation of 1-hydroxyindoles in the catalytic hydrogenation of β-dimethylamino-2-nitrostyrenes (Leimgruber-Batcho indole synthesis) have been investigated.Significant amounts of 1-hydroxyindoles were obtained only when the β-dimethylamino-2-nitrostyrene was substituted with an electron-withdrawing group at the 5 or 6 position.The proportion of 1-hydroxyindole formed relative to the normal indole product was found to increase as both the amount of catalyst and hydrogen pressure were decreased.
- Clark, Robin D.,Repke, David B.
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p. 121 - 125
(2007/10/02)
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