- A point mutation of valine-311 to methionine in Bacillus subtilis protoporphyrinogen oxidase does not greatly increase resistance to the diphenyl ether herbicide oxyfluorfen
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In an effort to asses the effect of Val311Met point mutation of Bacillus subtilis protoporphyrinogen oxidase on the resistance to diphenyl ether herbicides, a Val311Met point mutant of B. subtilis protoporphyrinogen oxidase was prepared, heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, and the purified recombinant Val311Met mutant protoporphyrinogen oxidase was kinetically characterized. The mutant protoporphyrinogen oxidase showed very similar kinetic patterns to wild type protoporphyrinogen oxidase, with slightly decreased activity dependent on pH and the concentrations of NaCl, Tween 20, and imidazole. When oxyfluorfen was used as a competitive inhibitor, the Val311Met mutant protoporphyrinogen oxidase showed an increased inhibition constant about 1.5 times that of wild type protoporphyrinogen oxidase. The marginal increase of the inhibition constant indicates that the Val311Met point mutation in B. subtilis protoporphyrinogen oxidase may not be an important determinant in the mechanism that protects protoporphyrinogen oxidase against diphenyl ether herbicides.
- Jeong, Eunjoo,Houn, Thavrak,Kuk, Yongin,Kim, Eun-Seon,Chandru, Hema Kumar,Baik, Myunggi,Back, Kyoungwhan,Guh, Ja-Ock,Han, Oksoo
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- Self-Sensitized Photooxidation of Protoporphyrin IX Derivatives in Aqueous Surfactant Solutions: Product and Mechanistic Studies
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The photooxidation of protoporphyrin IX and its dimethyl ester has been investigated in several aqueous surfactant media including neutral micelles (Brij 35) and vesicles (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine) and charged micelles (SDS and DTAB).The results obtained indicate that while the same products are formed in these media as in homogeneous organic solvents such as methylene chloride, the product distributions are quite different.At least two major reaction paths are indicated.The first involves singlet oxygen generation and attack on ground-state porphyrins.This path can be shown by studies with H2O vs.D2O and the use of the aqueous phase quencher N3- to consist of two components, an intramicellar path and an intermicellar reaction.The second path appears most likely to involve electron transfer from excited porphyrin to generate superoxide and porphyrin ?-cation.This path appears to be exclusively intramicellar and is much more prominent in the organized media than in homogeneous solution.Quenching of 1O2* by azide appears to enhance the "superoxide-derived" products in SDS and Brij 35 supporting recent studies indicating that azide quenching occurs at least in part of electron transfer.
- Cox, G. Sidney,Krieg, Marianne,Whitten, David G.
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- Iron Chelation Nanoparticles with Delayed Saturation as an Effective Therapy for Parkinson Disease
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Iron accumulation in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) has been proved to be a prominent pathophysiological feature of Parkinson’s diseases (PD), which can induce the death of dopaminergic (DA) neurons, up-regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and further loss of motor control. In recent years, iron chelation therapy has been demonstrated to be an effective treatment for PD, which has shown significant improvements in clinical trials. However, the current iron chelators are suboptimal due to their short circulation time, side effects, and lack of proper protection from chelation with ions in blood circulation. In this work, we designed and constructed iron chelation therapeutic nanoparticles protected by a zwitterionic poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) (PMPC) to delay the saturation of iron chelators in blood circulation and prolong the in vivo lifetime, with HIV-1 trans-activating transcriptor (TAT) served as a shuttle to enhance the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. We explored and investigated whether the Parkinsonian neurodegeneration and the corresponding symptoms in behaviors and physiologies could be prevented or reversed both in vitro and in vivo. The results demonstrated that iron chelator loaded therapeutic nanoparticles could reverse functional deficits in Parkinsonian mice not only physiologically but also behaviorally. On the contrary, both untreated PD mice and non-TAT anchored nanoparticle treated PD mice showed similar loss in DA neurons and difficulties in behaviors. Therefore, with protection of zwitterionic polymer and prolonged in vivo lifetime, iron chelator loaded nanoparticles with delayed saturation provide a PD phenotype reversion therapy and significantly improve the living quality of the Parkinsonian mice.
- Wang, Nan,Jin, Xin,Guo, Dongbo,Tong, Gangsheng,Zhu, Xinyuan
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- On the Nature of 'Haematoporphyrin Derivative'
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The components of haematoporphyrin derivative ( a preparation used as a photosensitiser in clinical applications, and made by treating haematoporphyrin with sulphuric acid-acetic acid) have been separated by preparative h.p.l.c. and identified by comparison with authentic porphyrincarboxylic acids.The composition of the mixture is somewhat variable but the main components are O,O'-diacetylhaematoporphyrin (6) and O-acetylhaematoporphyrin (2)/(3) with smaller amounts of the 8(3)-(1-acetoxyethyl)-3(8)-vinyldeuteroporphyrin isomers (7) and (8) and the corresponding alcohols (4) and (5).
- Bonnett, Raymond,Ridge, Richard J.,Scourides, Panayiotis A.,Berenbaum, Morris C.
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- Quantitative structural insight into human variegate porphyria disease
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Defects in the human protoporphyrinogen oxidase (hPPO) gene, resulting in ～ 50% decreased activity of hPPO, is responsible for the dominantly inherited disorder variegate porphyria (VP). To understand the molecular mechanism of VP, we employed the sitedirected mutagenesis, biochemical assays, structural biology, and molecular dynamics simulation studies to investigate VP-causing hPPO mutants. We report here the crystal structures of R59Q and R59G mutants in complex with acifluorfen at a resolution of 2.6 and 2.8 A. The r.m.s.d. of the Cα atoms of the active site structure of R59G and R59Q with respect to the wild-type was 0.20 and 0.15 A, respectively. However, these highly similar static crystal structures of mutants with the wild-type could not quantitatively explain the observed large differences in their enzymatic activity. To understand how the hPPO mutations affect their catalytic activities, we combined molecular dynamics simulation and statistical analysis to quantitatively understand the molecular mechanism of VP-causing mutants. We have found that the probability of the privileged conformations of hPPO can be correlated very well with the kcat/Km of PPO (correlation coefficient, R2 > 0.9), and the catalytic activity of 44 clinically reported VP-causing mutants can be accurately predicted. These results indicated that the VP-causing mutation affect the catalytic activity of hPPO by affecting the ability of hPPO to sample the privileged conformations. The current work, together with our previous crystal structure study on the wild-type hPPO, provided the quantitative structural insight into human variegate porphyria disease.
- Wang, Baifan,Wen, Xin,Qin, Xiaohong,Wang, Zhifang,Tan, Ying,Shen, Yuequan,Xi, Zhen
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- Haematoporphyrin Derivative
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Components of 'haematoporphyrin derivative,' a photosensitiser employed in clinical studies, have been separated as the free acids by reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography, and identified, the major components being O,O'-diacetylhaematoporphyrin and O-acetylhaematoporphyrin.
- Bonnett, Raymond,Ridge, Richard J.,Scourides, Panayiotis A.,Berenbaum, Morris C.
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- ROMP polymer supported manganese porphyrins: Influence of C[dbnd]C bonds along polymer chains on catalytic behavior in oxidation of low concentration Fe2+
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One unsaturated polymer support was prepared through ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of norbornene-2,3-dip-toluene sulfonate initiated by Grubbs 2nd initiator and manganese porphyrins were immobilized on polymer through transesterification reaction. To investigate the effect of C[dbnd]C bonds along polymer chains on the catalytic behavior, the obtained polymer supported catalyst (P-PPIXMnCl) was applied in oxidation of low concentration Fe2+ to mimic catalytic behavior of Ceruloplasmin. In the presence of P-PPIXMnCl, the conversion of Fe2+ reaches to 91.92% and 96.46% at 10 °C and 37.5 °C (body temperature), respectively. Compared to manganese porphyrins, P-PPIXMnCl can dramatically increase oxidation rate of Fe2+ and the catalytic kinetic shows that the oxidation reaction changes from second-order to third-order. Upon hydrogenation of ROMP polymer, the oxidation reaction still conforms to the second-order kinetics. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation shows that the C[dbnd]C bonds along polymer chains play an important role in the coordination with Fe2+ in the catalytic microenvironment. The real time morphology of supported catalysts in aqueous environment characterized by Cryo-TEM indicates that hydrogenation can shrink the morphology of polymer-water skeleton. The catalyst could be recycled six times without any significant loss in activity. The liner heterogeneous catalyst is expected to be used as drugs for treating excessive iron accumulation in the human body.
- Li, Fanfan,Wang, Xuan,Zhang, Yanwu,Zhao, Huanhuan
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- TARGETED ANTIMICROBIAL PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY
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The present application relates generally to a method and a composition matter that provides a rapid and potent antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) of pathogenic bacteria that express high-affinity cell-surface hemin receptors (CSHRs) using Ga(III)-protoporphyrins IX (GaPpIX or Ga-PpIX). The invention provides an effective treatment option for infections of skin or body cavities that are accessible to visible-light irradiation, such as a handheld LED array emitting visible light (405 nm), especially for infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), pathogenic staphylococci, Streptococcus mutans, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, streptococci, corynebacteria, mycobacteria, and Bacillus anthracis.
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Paragraph 0177
(2019/10/29)
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- Revisiting the Mechanism of the Anaerobic Coproporphyrinogen III Oxidase HemN
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HemN is a radical S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of coproporphyrinogen III to produce protoporphyrinogen IX, an intermediate in heme biosynthesis. HemN binds two SAM molecules in the active site, but how these two SAMs are utilized for the sequential decarboxylation of the two propionate groups of coproporphyrinogen III remains largely elusive. Provided here is evidence showing that in HemN catalysis a SAM serves as a hydrogen relay which mediates a radical-based hydrogen transfer from the propionate to the 5′-deoxyadenosyl (dAdo) radical generated from another SAM in the active site. Also observed was an unexpected shunt product resulting from trapping of the SAM-based methylene radical by the vinyl moiety of the mono-decarboxylated intermediate, harderoporphyrinogen. These results suggest a major revision of the HemN mechanism and reveal a new paradigm of the radical-mediated hydrogen transfer in radical SAM enzymology.
- Ji, Xinjian,Mo, Tianlu,Liu, Wan-Qiu,Ding, Wei,Deng, Zixin,Zhang, Qi
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p. 6235 - 6238
(2019/04/04)
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- Handling heme: The mechanisms underlying the movement of heme within and between cells
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Heme is an essential cofactor and signaling molecule required for virtually all aerobic life. However, excess heme is cytotoxic. Therefore, heme must be safely transported and trafficked from the site of synthesis in the mitochondria or uptake at the cell surface, to hemoproteins in most subcellular compartments. While heme synthesis and degradation are relatively well characterized, little is known about how heme is trafficked and transported throughout the cell. Herein, we review eukaryotic heme transport, trafficking, and mobilization, with a focus on factors that regulate bioavailable heme. We also highlight the role of gasotransmitters and small molecules in heme mobilization and bioavailability, and heme trafficking at the host-pathogen interface.
- Donegan, Rebecca K.,Moore, Courtney M.,Hanna, David A.,Reddi, Amit R.
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- Preparation method of protoporphyrin disodium
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The invention provides a preparation method of protoporphyrin disodium, and belongs to the field of synthesis of organic compounds. The method comprises the following steps: ensuring that protoporphyrin, absolute methanol and concentrated sulfuric acid are subjected to alcohol acid reaction in an ultrasound condition, so as to obtain protoporphyrin diester; ensuring that the protoporphyrin diester, a NaOH methanol solution and methylbenzene are subjected to saponification reaction in an ultrasound condition, so as to obtain the protoporphyrin disodium. The method has the advantages that assistance of ultrasonic wave is adopted to replace high-temperature reflux, so as to form the protoporphyrin disodium, hydrogen chloride gas is not required to be prepared during preparation, the adoptionof strong-toxicity reagents, such as chloroform, is further avoided, a high-temperature condition is not required to be use, the technology is simplified, and the whole process is easy to operate.
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Paragraph 0063-0082
(2018/11/22)
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- YAP1 INHIBITORS AND METHODS
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YAP1 inhibitors and methods of treating a subject with a cancer that include administering a YAP1 inhibitor are disclosed. Also disclosed are methods for determining responsiveness to a YAP1 inhibitor in a subject, methods for diagnosing a tumor in a subject including determining the level of YAP1 expression, compositions that include YAP1 inhibitors, and methods of using those compositions.
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Page/Page column 40; 41
(2017/12/05)
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- Chlorin derivatives sterically-prevented from self-aggregation with high antitumor activity for photodynamic therapy
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In this study two new chlorin derivatives sterically prevented from aggregation were synthesised by the Diels-Alder reaction between protoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester and 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)maleimide. The compounds were fully characterised by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, UV-Vis and high-resolution mass spectroscopy (HRMS) and their photochemical properties such as singlet oxygen quantum yield (?0), fluorescence quantum yield (?f) and photodegradation were also evaluated. Furthermore, the partition coefficient (log P) revealed that these compounds present amphiphilic properties. Studies of the photodynamic action in tumour cells (HEp-2 and HeLa) and non-tumour cells (Vero) were also performed in order to confirm the photodynamic therapy (PDT) activity that was indicated by the preliminary photophysical studies. Those phototoxicity results were 55–77% higher than the results obtained with the commercial photosensitiser verteporfin. Finally, cytotoxic assays were performed with the new photosensitiser candidates and cell death was determined using fluorescence microscopy, which provided information about the mechanisms of cell death. In general, we have obtained improved and accessible compounds for PDT studies, as highlighted by the research presented here.
- Linares, Irwin A.P.,de Oliveira, Kleber T.,Perussi, Janice Rodrigues
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p. 518 - 527
(2017/06/29)
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- Synthesis of functionalized chlorins sterically-prevented from self-aggregation
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The synthesis of six new regioisomeric chlorin derivatives sterically-prevented from self-aggregation is described. The compounds were prepared by the Diels-Alder reaction between protoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester, and N-[p-(1,3-dithiolan)phenyl]maleimide and N-(p-formylphenyl)maleimide. The protopophyrin IX dimethyl ester was synthesized in 2 steps from natural hematoporphyrin using a modified procedure from literature, and the substituted maleimides were conveniently synthesized, aiming at producing formyl-chlorins for subsequent functionalization with amphiphilic groups. The Diels-Alder reactions were systematically studied in order to establish optimized conditions for the cycloadditions. The regioisomers were fully characterized and the aggregation studies were performed by NMR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and also HRMS (ESI-TOF and MALDI-TOF). Preliminary evaluations on the photosensitizing activities and amphiphilicity were carried out indicating that these new compounds are potential candidates, to be studied in more advanced tests of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT). This work represents on advance on our previous study, with respect to these new structures, their photophysical properties and amphiphilicity.
- Dos Santos, Fabiane A.B.,Uchoa, Adjaci F.,Baptista, Mauricio S.,Iamamoto, Yassuko,Serra, Osvaldo A.,Brocksom, Timothy J.,De Oliveira, Kleber T.
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p. 402 - 411
(2013/10/08)
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- The oxygen-independent coproporphyrinogen III oxidase HemN utilizes harderoporphyrinogen as a reaction intermediate during conversion of coproporphyrinogen III to protoporphyrinogen IX
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During heme biosynthesis the oxygen-independent coproporphyrinogen III oxidase HemN catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of the two propionate side chains on rings A and B of coproporphyrinogen III to the corresponding vinyl groups to yield protoporphyrinogen IX. Here, the sequence of the two decarboxylation steps during HemN catalysis was investigated. A reaction intermediate of HemN activity was isolated by HPLC analysis and identified as monovinyltripropionic acid porphyrin by mass spectrometry. This monovinylic reaction intermediate exhibited identical chromatographic behavior during HPLC analysis as harderoporphyrin (3-vinyl-8,13,17-tripropionic acid-2,7,12,18- tetramethylporphyrin). Furthermore, HemN was able to utilize chemically synthesized harderoporphyrinogen as substrate and converted it to protoporphyrinogen IX. These results suggest that during HemN catalysis the propionate side chain of ring A of coproporphyrinogen III is decarboxylated prior to that of ring B. by Walter de Gruyter.
- Rand, Katrin,Noll, Claudia,Schiebel, Hans Martin,Kemken, Dorit,Duelcks, Thomas,Kalesse, Markus,Heinz, Dirk W.,Layer, Gunhild
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- Direct assay of enzymes in heme biosynthesis for the detection of porphyrias by tandem mass spectrometry. Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase and coproporphyrinogen III oxidase
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We report new assays of enzymes uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (UROD) and coproporphyrinogen III oxidase (CPO) in the heme biosynthetic pathway. The assays were developed for use in clinical diagnostics of inherited disorders porphyria cutanea tarda and hereditary coproporphyria, respectively. Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry is used to monitor the decarboxylation of pentaporphyrinogen I or uroporphyrinogen III catalyzed by UROD and to determine the enzyme activity in human erythrocytes by measuring the production of coproporphyrinogen I or III. The Km value for pentaporphyrinogen I was measured as 0.17 ± 0.03 μM. A mass spectrometric assay was also developed for the two-step decarboxylative oxidation of coproporphyrinogen III to protoporphyrinogen IX catalyzed by CPO in mitochondria from human lymphocytes (Km = 0.066 ± 0.009 μM). The assays show good reproducibility, use simple workup by liquid-liquid extraction of enzymatic products, and employ commercially available substrates and internal standards.
- Wang, Yuesong,Gatti, Paula,Sadilek, Martin,Scott, C. Ronald,Turecek, Frantisek,Gelb, Michael H.
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p. 2599 - 2605
(2008/09/20)
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- PORPHYRIN LINKED METRONIDAZOLE AGAINST GUM DISEASE: PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS
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The present invention relates generally to targeted molecular agents (TMAs) directed to a particular organism or group of organisms and uses thereof. More particularly, the present invention provides TMAs having a targeting moiety which comprises a natural or induced auxotrophic requirement of the particular organism as a vehicle for directing an agent linked to the moiety to be delivered to the target organism. The TMAs of the present invention are useful for targeting molecules such as antimicrobial agents and diagnostic agents to selected organisms.
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Page/Page column 33-34; 63-64
(2008/06/13)
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- The preparation and some properties of a liposome formulation of 2,4-di(1-methyl-3-hydroxybutyl)deuteroporphyrin IX
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A liposome preparation of a porphyrin photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy of tumors (PDT) was obtained. The in vitro efficiency of the photosensitizer was enhanced 2.5-fold through the liposome formulation. The composition and some properties of the new preparation were studied. An algorithm for a complex approach to the prediction of photosensitizer efficiencies by model experiments in vitro was developed. This approach is based on the use of two models: the determination of coefficient of distribution between n-octanol and a phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, and the determination of the cytotoxic effect on the culture of CaOv ovarian adenocarcinoma cells.
- Reshetnickov,Zhigal'tsev,Kolomeichuk,Kaplun,Shvets,Zhukova,Karmenyan,Ivanov,Ponomarev
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p. 692 - 699
(2007/10/03)
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- Photoactivatable compositions and to methods for the diagnosis and treating medical conditions
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A broad class of photosensitive compounds having enhanced in vivo target tissue selectivity and versatility in photodynamic therapy. Many furocoumarin compounds, such as psoralens, exhibit cytostatic activity when photoactivated but exhibit little in vivo specificity for selectively accumulating in any particular target tissue such as atheromatous plaques. Reactive Oxygen Producing Photosensitizers ("ROPPs") are photoactivatable compounds having an affinity for hyperproliferating cells (such as atheromatous plaque cells), which when photoactivated, produce cytotoxic reaction products. The photoactivity of a ROPP, such as a porphyrin, may be reduced by metalating the porphyrin while the selective affinity of the metalized ROPP for hyperproliferating tissue remains substantially unchanged. By linking a furocoumarin compound to a ROPP to form a F-ROPP, the cytostatic properties of the furocoumarin portion of the F-ROPP can be exploited while the selective affinity of the ROPP portion of the compound for hyperproliferating cells such as atheromatous plaque provides enhanced tissue selectivity without cytotoxicity. In vivo, certain F-ROPPs may be forced to selectively accumulate in a target tissue by illuminating only the target tissue with light having a wavelength operable for photoactivating the F portion of the F-ROPP thereby causing the F-ROPP to either form a monoadduct with or crosslink the cellular DNA in the target tissue. Light of a second wavelength can then be delivered to the target tissue to photoactivate the ROPP portion causing further interference with cellular activity.
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- Platinum(II) Complexes with Porphyrin Ligands: Synthesis and Synergisms in the Photodynamic Tumor Therapy
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Twelve porphyrin ligands (2-5, 8, 13-16, 19, 27, 28) and their platinum(II) complexes (29-40) were synthesized and characterized.Nine of the porphyrins are derived from hemin, and three are based on tetraphenylporphyrin.The ligands were transformed into diamine-dicarboxylatoplatinum(II) complexes and diamine-dichloroplatinum(II) complexes.The antitumor activity in the photodynamic therapy of the ligands and their complexes was tested in vitro towards the MDA-MB-231 mammary carcinoma cell line.The results obtained showed an additive effect of the photodynamic activity of the porphyrin skeleton when irradiated with visible red light and the cytotoxic activity of the platinum moiety in the complexes. - Key Words: Porphyrins/ Platinum(II) complexes/ Photodynamic therapy/ Antitumor activity
- Brunner, Henri,Obermeier, Herbert,Szeimies, Rolf-Markus
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p. 173 - 182
(2007/10/02)
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- Photosensitizing Diels-Alder porphyrin derivatives
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A group of hydro-dibenzoporphyrins prepared by di-Diels-Alder additions at the A and C rings of the appropriate divinyl porphyrins have absorption maxima in the range of 700-820 nanometers and are photosensitizing agents. These compounds are useful in treating disorders or conditions which are subject to hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) treatment in the presence of light, or in treating biological materials generally to destroy unwanted targets such as viruses, cells and tissues. The use of the compounds of the invention permits irradiation with wavelengths other than those absorbed by blood. The compounds of the invention may also be conjugated to ligands specific for receptors or to specific immunoglobulins or fragments thereof to home to target tissues or cells for the radiation treatment. Use of these materials permits lower levels of photosensitizer to be used, thus preventing side reactions which might destroy normal tissues.
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- Biosynthesis of Porphyrins and Related Macrocycles. Part 14. Studies with Isoporphobilinogen and Four Isomeric Labelled Pyrromethanes: Specific Conversion of the Unrearranged Pyrromethane (+)NH3.AP.AP into Haem and Protoporphyrin-IX
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Isoporphobilinogen and 14C-, and 13C-labelled forms of four isomeric pyrromethanes have been synthesised in order to study at what stage in the building process rearrangement occurs to produce the natural porphyrins.The finding that isoporphobilinogen is not a biosynthetic precursor of protoporphyrin-IX points against the rearrangement being at the monopyrrole level.Of the four pyrromethanes, only the unrearranged system (+)NH3.AP.AP (5) is significantly converted, in the presence of the necessary enzymes from Euglena gracilis or duck's blood, into protoporphyrin-IX or haem.Degradation of these products from 14C-labelled (5) proved that the conversion of (+)NH3.AP.AP into the type-III macrocycle occurs without randomisation of the labels; this conclusion was rigorously confirmed by 13C-n.m.r. spectra from samples of 13C-protoporphyrin-IX produced enzymatically from 13C-labelled (5).
- Battersby, Alan R.,Beck, John F.,Gibson, Keith H.,Hodgson, Gordon L.,Markwell, Roger E.,at al.
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p. 2771 - 2778
(2007/10/02)
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- Biosynthesis of Porphyrins and Related Macrocycles. Part 13. Structure of the Protoporphyrin Isomer derived from Coproporphyrinogen lV by the Action of Beef-Liver Coproporphyrinogenase: Synthesis of Protoporphyrin Xlll
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Coproporphyrinogen lV (8) is synthesised and is oxidatively decarboxylated by coproporphyrinogenase from beef-liver to produce, after aromatisation, a porphyrin proved to be protoporphyrin Xlll (11) by spectroscopy and by unambiquous synthesis; the synthesis route is described.A monovinylporphyrin, derived from an intermediate for the conversion (8) -> (11), is also isolated.The importance of these results for earlier biosynthetic studies with pyrromethanes is discussed.
- Battersby, Alan R.,Hamilton, Andrew D.,McDonald, Edward,Mombelli, Luisa,Wong, Oi-Hoong
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p. 1283 - 1289
(2007/10/02)
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