- MH4P6N12 (M=Mg, Ca): New imidonitridophosphates with an unprecedented layered network structure type
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Isotypic imidonitridophosphates MH4P6N12 (M=Mg, Ca) have been synthesized by high-pressure/high-temperature reactions at 8 GPa and 1000°C starting from stoichiometric amounts of the respective alkaline-earth metal nitrides, P3N5, and amorphous HPN2. Both compounds form colorless transparent platelet crystals. The crystal structures have been solved and refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. Rietveld refinement confirmed the accuracy of the structure determination. In order to quantify the amounts of H atoms in the respective compounds, quantitative solid-state 1H NMR measurements were carried out. EDX spectroscopy confirmed the chemical compositions. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of NH groups in both structures. The crystal structures reveal an unprecedented layered tetrahedral arrangement, built up from all-side vertex-sharing PN4 tetrahedra with condensed dreier and sechser rings. The resulting layers are separated by metal atoms.
- Marchuk, Alexey,Celinski, Vinicius R.,Schmedt Auf Der Günne, J?rn,Schnick, Wolfgang
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- A Kinetic Investigation of the Ca/CaO System: Non-Arrhenius Behavior of the Reaction Ca(1S) + N2O over the Temperature Range 250-898 K and a Study of the Reaction CaO + O
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A study is presented of the reaction Ca(1S) + N2O over the temperature range 250-898 K.Ca atoms were produced in an excess of N2O and He bath gas by the pulsed two-photon (193.3 nm) dissociation of CaI2 and then monitored by time-resolved laser
- Plane, John M. C.,Nien, Chia-Fu
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- Molten salt applications in materials processing
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The science of molten salt electrochemistry for electrowinning of reactive metals, such as calcium, and its in situ application in pyro-reduction has been described. Calcium electrowinning has been performed in a 5-10 wt% calcium oxide-calcium chloride molten salt by the electrolytic dissociation of calcium oxide. This electrolysis requires the use of a porous ceramic sheath around the anode to keep the cathodically deposited calcium and the anodic gases separate. Stainless steel cathode and graphite anode have been used in the temperature range of 850-950 °C. This salt mixture is produced as a result of the direct oxide reduction (DOR) of reactive metal oxides by calcium in a calcium chloride bath. The primary purpose of this process is to recover the expensive calcium reductant and to recycle calcium chloride. Experimental data have been included to justify the suitability as well as limitations of the electrowinning process. Transport of oxygen ions through the sheath is found to be the rate controlling step. Under the constraints of the reactor design, a calcium recovery rate of approx. 150 g/h was achieved. Feasibility of a process to produce metals by pyrometallurgical reduction, using the calcium reductant produced electrolytically within the same reactor, has been shown in a hybrid process. Several processes are currently under investigation to use this electrowon calcium for in situ reduction of metal oxides.
- Mishra, Brajendra,Olson, David L.
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- Hydrogen release reactions of Al-based complex hydrides enhanced by vibrational dynamics and valences of metal cations
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Hydrogen release from Al-based complex hydrides composed of metal cation(s) and [AlH4]- was investigated using inelastic neutron scattering viewed from vibrational dynamics. The hydrogen release followed the softening of translational and [AlH4]- librational modes, which was enhanced by vibrational dynamics and the valence(s) of the metal cation(s).
- Sato,Ramirez-Cuesta,Daemen,Cheng,Tomiyasu,Takagi,Orimo
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- Preparation of reduced iron powder using combined distribution of wood-charcoal by microwave heating
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In this paper, the influences of microwave heating with wood-charcoal as the reducing agent, on the reducing characterization of mill-scale were systematically investigated. The microstructures of the samples were characterized before and after microwave
- Ye, Qianxu,Zhu, Hongbo,Zhang, Libo,Ma, Ji,Zhou, Li,Liu, Peng,Chen, Jian,Chen, Guo,Peng, Jinhui
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p. 102 - 106
(2014/07/08)
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- Layered hydride CaNiGeH with a ZrCuSiAs-type structure: Crystal structure, chemical bonding, and magnetism induced by Mn doping
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Stimulated by the discovery of the iron oxypnictide superconductor with ZrCuSiAs-type structure in 2008, extensive exploration of its isostructural and isoelectronic compounds has started. These compounds, including oxides, fluorides, and hydrides, can all be simply recognized as valence compounds for which the octet rule is valid. We report herein the first example of a ZrCuSiAs-type hydride, CaNiGeH, which violates the octet rule. This hydride was synthesized by hydrogenation of the CeFeSi-type compound CaNiGe under pressurized hydrogen. Powder diffraction and theoretical simulation confirm that H enters into the interstitial position of the Ca4 tetrahedron, leading to notable anisotropic expansion of the unit cell along the c axis. Density functional theory calculations indicate the modification of the chemical bonding and formation of ionic Ca-H bond as a result of hydrogen insertion. Furthermore, CaNiGeH shows Pauli paramagnetism and metallic conduction similar to that of CaNiGe, but its carrier type changes to hole and the carrier density is drastically reduced as compared to CaNiGe. Mn-doping at the Ni site introduces magnetism to both the parent compound and the hydride. The measurement demonstrates that hydrogenation of CaNi1-xMn xGe reduces ferromagnetic ordering of Mn ions and induces huge magnetic hysteresis, whereas the spin glass state observed for the parent compound is preserved in the hydride. The hydrogenation-induced changes in the electric and magnetic properties are interpreted in terms of development of two-dimensionality in crystal structure as well as electronic state.
- Liu, Xiaofeng,Matsuishi, Satoru,Fujitsu, Satoru,Ishigaki, Toru,Kamiyama, Takashi,Hosono, Hideo
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p. 11687 - 11694
(2012/09/07)
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- Corrosion of structural ceramics under sub-critical conditions in aqueous sodium chloride solution and in deionized water. Part II: Dissolution of Al 2O3-based ceramics
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Two types of alumina-based ceramics, pure solid-state sintered (SSS) alumina ceramics, and a liquid phase sintered (LPS) alumina were corrosion tested under both static and quasi-dynamic conditions in 0.5M NaCl solution and in deionized water reference medium at the temperature of 290°C. Static tests were also performed at 150° and 200°C in order to obtain the data for determination of kinetic parameters, and for calculation of the activation energies. The apparent activation energies of dissolution of the LPS alumina in deionized water and in 0.5M NaCl solution were identical and ranged around 49 kJ/mol. The SSS alumina ceramics corroded by grain-boundary attack and slow dissolution of alumina matrix grains, and the corrosion rates were negligible in both corrosion media. The LPS alumina, corroded by preferential attack and dissolution of calcium aluminosilicate grain-boundary glass. The alumina matrix remained relatively intact. The dissolution was markedly faster than in the SSS alumina. The rates of dissolution were found to be temperature dependent, but no influence of the corrosion medium was observed.
- Galuskova, Dagmar,Hnatko, Miroslav,Galusek, Dusan,Sajgalik, Pavol
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p. 3044 - 3052
(2012/01/12)
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- NUTRITIONAL FORMULATION
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The present invention relates to nutritional supplements that provide an adult with essential vitamins and minerals that may be lacking in the adult's diet and prevent chronic diseases, such as osteoporosis. A number of combinations of nutrients in set ratios are provided to increase the body's ability to absorb and use the nutrients. These combinations are important in helping the body reach the proper balance required for maximized function. Because adults over the age of 50 years have different nutritional needs, nutritional supplements specifically designed for them are also provided.
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- Treatment solution and method for preventing posterior capsular opacification by selectively inducing detachment and/or death of lens epithelial cells
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A treatment solution used to prevent posterior capsular opacification is applied or introduced into the lens capsular bag before, during, or after cataract surgery. The treatment solution may also be applied to an intraocular lens prior to surgery. The treatment solution comprises an ion transport mechanism interference agent, which either alone or in combination with other treatment agents such as an osmotic stress agent and an agent to establish a suitable pH, selectively induces detachment and/or death of lens epithelial cells such that posterior capsular opacification is prevented. While the ion transport mechanism interference agent is capable of interfering with the cellular mechanisms and cell ion distribution of a broad range of cells, a concentration of agent is selected such that the treatment solution interferes selectively with the cellular mechanisms of lens epithelial cells while leaving other ocular cells substantially unharmed. The treatment solution selectively induces cellular death and/or detachment of lens epithelial cells while other ocular cells and tissue remain substantially unharmed and without lengthy preoperative pre-treatment.
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- Nutritional supplement
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A nutritional supplement is provided that is designed to provide nutritional benefits as well as to assist the body with detoxification. By providing a supplement that serves both of these functions, the present invention may enable persons to improve their overall wellness.
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- Treatment solution and method for preventing posterior capsular opacification by selectively inducing detachment and/or death of lens epithelial cells
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A treatment solution used to prevent posterior capsular opacification is applied or introduced into the lens capsular bag before, during, or after cataract surgery. The treatment solution comprises an ion transport mechanism interference agent, which either alone or in combination with other treatment agents such as an osmotic stress agent and an agent to establish a suitable pH, selectively induces detachment and/or death of lens epithelial cells such that posterior capsular opacification is prevented. While the ion transport mechanism interference agent is capable of interfering with the cellular mechanisms and cell ion distribution of a broad range of cells, a concentration of agent is selected such that the treatment solution interferes selectively with the cellular mechanisms of lens epithelial cells while leaving other ocular cells substantially unharmed. The treatment solution selectively induces cellular death and/or detachment of lens epithelial cells while other ocular cells and tissue remain substantially unharmed and without lengthy preoperative pre-treatment.
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- Thermodynamic stabilities of intermediate phases in the Ca-Si system
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Vaporization thermodynamics in the binary system calcium-silicon has been studied by Knudsen effusion-mass spectrometry and vacuum microbalance techniques. The equilibrium partial pressure of Ca(g) over the two-phase regions in the composition range 20-75
- Brutti,Ciccioli,Balducci,Gigli,Manfrinetti,Napoletano
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p. 525 - 531
(2008/10/08)
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- Water-soluble solid-phase ironing aid freshening composition tablets consisting of same for use in the steam chamber of an iron and process for preparing and utilizing the same
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Described is a water-soluble solid-phase ironing aid-freshening composition for use in forming controllably dimensioned tablets, which have controlled weights and densities and which are conveniently added to the water-containing steam chamber of a steam iron. The use of the tablets produced from the composition enables textiles which are ironed to be freshened and de-wrinkled. The composition includes (i) a support substance; (ii) a tablet binder substance; and (iii) a fragrance composition and, optionally, a silicone resin, a chelating agent and/or a surfactant.
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- Calcium complex of (4R)-4-bis(carboxy-kappa.O)methyl amino-κN-6,9-bis (carboxy-κO)methyl-1-(4,4-diphenylcyclohexyl)oxy-1-hydroxy-2-oxa-6,9-diaza-1-phosphaundecan- 11-yl acid-κN6,κN9,κO11 1-oxidato(6-)-,hexahydrogen, corresponding salts, pharmaceutical composition containing such complex, its therapeutic use and its use as additive as diagnostic agent as well as a process for preparing the complex
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Calcium complex of (4R)-4-(bis(carboxymethyl)amino)-6,9-bis(carboxymethyl)-1-(4,4-dipheny lcyclohexyloxy)-1-hydroxy-2-oxa-6,9-diaza-1-phospha-11-undecan oic acid (MS-325) and its salts are new. Calcium complex of ((4R)-4-(bis((carboxy-kappa-O)methyl) amino). kappa.N)-6,9-bis((carboxy-kappa.O)methyl)-1-((4,4-diphenylcyclohexyl)o xy)-1-hydroxy-2-oxa-6,9-diaza-1-phospha-11-undecanoic acidκN6,κ N9,. kappa.011)1-oxidato (6-))-hexahydrogen (MS-325) and its salts are new. Independent claims are also included for the following: (1) a pharmaceutical composition comprising the calcium complex (Ca-MS-325) and optionally a gadolinium complex of MS-325 (Gd-MS-325); (2) production of a Gd-MS-325 formulation by reacting gadolinium oxide with MS-325 in the presence of a buffer, an (in)organic base and Ca-MS-325; (3) production of a Gd-MS-325 formulation by reacting gadolinium oxide with a MS-325 salt and adding Ca-MS-325.
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- Phenylalkanoic acid esters and their use as antioxidants
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Compounds of formula (I): STR1 wherein: R1 represents an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; R2 represents an alkyl group having from 8 to 24 carbon atoms; EO represents an ethyleneoxy group; PO represents a propyleneoxy group; k is 0 or an integer from 1 to 10; and m is an integer from 1 to 4; provided that the total of (k+m) is greater than 1 and not greater than 10; are useful as antioxidant stabilizers for polymeric materials.
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- High-temperature equilibrium studies of the gaseous thorium chlorides
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High-temperature gaseous equilibria among the species Th, ThCl, ThCl2, and ThCl3 were studied by mass spectrometry over broad temperature ranges; both enthalpy and entropy data were derived by the second law procedure.In addition, the sublimation of ThCl4
- Lau, K.H.,Hildenbrand, D.L.
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p. 6124 - 6130
(2007/10/02)
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- ELECTRODEPOSITION OF CALCIUM FROM CALCIUM-POTASSIUM NITRATE MELT.
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This work was a continuation of earlier studies. Its purpose was to examine the possibility of obtaining calcium by electrolysis of a nitrate melt, which is more fusible than the chloride melt. The electrolyte was a mixture containing 51 mass % of calcium nitrate and 49 mass % of potassium nitrate, melting at 146 degree . The electrolysis was conducted at various current densities (the optimal range is 0. 03-0. 12 A, cm** minus **2); the electrolysis temperature (without cooling) was 180-200 degree ; nickel (or iron) cathodes and platinum (or graphite) anodes were used. During electrolysis calcium is formed on the cathode in the form of a closely adhering layer, while gases are evolved at the anode. It can be concluded from the results obtained under laboratory conditions that the electrodeposition of calcium from the melt of calcium and potassium nitrates is possible.
- Protsenko,Kiryukha,Poyarkova
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p. 1511 - 1512
(2008/10/08)
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- Kinetics of the Carbothermal Reduction of Subgroup IIA Oxides
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The reduction by carbon of solid oxides of type-analogue elements of subgroup IIA involves CO as a reducing agent, with formation of vapour of the reduced metal and CO2.The carbon regenerates the CO and forms carbides of the metals.For the oxides CaO, SrO, BaO (of shell-analogue elements) we have established a general correlation between the rate of the reaction and the Gibbs free energy of the reduction by carbon to the vapour of the metal.
- Vodop'yanov, A. G.
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p. 1621 - 1624
(2007/10/02)
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- ATOMIZATION OF NITRATES OF IRON, NICKEL, COBALT, MANGANESE, AND CALCIUM ON SURFACE OF GRAPHITE ATOMIZERS.
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An attempt was made to investigate the chemical transformation of nitrates of iron, cobalt, nickel, manganese, and calcium on the surface of an electrothermal atomizer consisting of a graphite rod of segmental cross section by carrying out experiments on the interaction of the nitrates with the carbon of the atomizer working element, and determining the structure of the produced compounds, in which form the elements enter the analytical volume.
- Pupyshev,Nagdaev
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p. 795 - 799
(2008/10/08)
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- Pyridones as antidandruff agents
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A cosmetic composition comprising a content of an 1-hydroxy-2-pyridone of the general formula STR1 in which R1 stands for hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 17 carbon atoms, alkenyl of 2 to 17 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of 5 to 8 carbon atoms, bicycloalkyl of 7 to 9 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl-alkyl of 1 to 4 alkyl carbon atoms, the cycloalkyl groups being optionally substituted by alkyl groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, aryl, aralkyl of 1 to 4 alkyl carbon atoms, aryl-alkenyl of 2 to 4 alkenyl carbon atoms, aryloxy-alkyl or arylthio-alkyl of 1 to 4 alkyl carbon atoms, benzhydryl, phenylsulfonyl-alkyl of 1 to 4 alkyl carbon atoms, furyl or furyl-alkenyl of 2 to 4 alkenyl carbon atoms, the aryl groups being optionally substituted by alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, by alkoxy of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, by nitro, cyano or halogen atoms, R2 stands for hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, alkenyl or alkinyl of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, halogen atoms or benzyl, R3 stands for hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms or phenyl, and R4 stands for hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, alkenyl of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, methoxy-methyl, halogen or benzyl, and/or salt thereof, which may be used as an anti-dandruff agent.
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