2244-16-8Relevant articles and documents
A glandular trichome-specific monoterpene alcohol dehydrogenase from Artemisia annua
Polichuk, Devin R.,Zhang, Yansheng,Reed, Darwin W.,Schmidt, Janice F.,Covello, Patrick S.
, p. 1264 - 1269 (2010)
The major components of the isoprenoid-rich essential oil of Artemisia annua L. accumulate in the subcuticular sac of glandular secretory trichomes. As part of an effort to understand isoprenoid biosynthesis in A. annua, an expressed sequence tag (EST) collection was investigated for evidence of genes encoding trichome-specific enzymes. This analysis established that a gene denoted Adh2, encodes an alcohol dehydrogenase and shows a high expression level in glandular trichomes relative to other tissues. The gene product, ADH2, has up to 61% amino acid identity to members of the short chain alcohol dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily, including Forsythia × intermedia secoisolariciresinol dehydrogenase (49.8% identity). Through in vitro biochemical analysis, ADH2 was found to show a strong preference for monoterpenoid secondary alcohols including carveol, borneol and artemisia alcohol. These results indicate a role for ADH2 in monoterpenoid ketone biosynthesis in A. annua glandular trichomes.
Tuning of α-Silyl Carbocation Reactivity into Enone Transposition: Application to the Synthesis of Peribysin D, E-Volkendousin, and E-Guggulsterone
Athawale, Paresh R.,Zade, Vishal M.,Rama Krishna, Gamidi,Reddy, D. Srinivasa
supporting information, p. 6642 - 6647 (2021/09/02)
A reliable method for enone transposition has been developed with the help of silyl group masking. Enantio-switching, substituent shuffling, and Z-selectivity are the highlights of the method. The developed method was applied for the first total synthesis of peribysin D along with its structural revision. Formal synthesis of E-guggulsterone and E-volkendousin was also claimed using a short sequence.
Discovery and Engineering of Bacterial (?)-Isopiperitenol Dehydrogenases to Enhance (?)-Menthol Precursor Biosynthesis
Zhan, Jing-Ru,Shou, Chao,Zheng, Yu-Cong,Chen, Qi,Pan, Jiang,Li, Chun-Xiu,Xu, Jian-He
supporting information, p. 3973 - 3982 (2021/07/02)
Microbial synthesis of (?)-menthol, a compound of plant origin, is of great importance because of the high demand for this product and related sustainability issues. However, the total biosynthesis of (?)-menthol from easily available feedstocks like (?)-limonene by engineered microbial hosts is stalled by the poor protein expression or activity of several enzymes from the native (?)-menthol biosynthesis pathway of mint (Mentha piperita). Among these unsatisfied steps, (?)-isopiperitenol dehydrogenase (IPDH) catalyzed oxidation reaction of (?)-trans-isopiperitenol was one of the bottlenecks that need to be optimized. In this work, two novel bacterial enzymes with IPDH activity were discovered to replace their inefficient counterpart from plant cells in microbial (?)-menthol synthesis. Two key residues in PaIPDH from Pseudomonas aeruginosa were mutated to PaIPDHE95F/Y199V with 4.4-fold improved specific activity than PaIPDH. The mechanism for the beneficial mutations was elucidated by molecular dynamics simulations. PaIPDHE95F/Y199V was used to synthesize (?)-isopiperitenone from (?)-limonene in vivo via a self-sufficient cofactor cascade enzyme reaction, affording a 3.7-fold enhanced titer of (?)-isopiperitenone compared with that obtained using the original mint IPDH (MpIPDH). The bacterial enzyme PaIPDHE95F/Y199V can be applied in the future for constructing a more efficient artificial pathway to biosynthesize (?)-menthol in a microbial whole-cell system. (Figure presented.).
Clean protocol for deoxygenation of epoxides to alkenes: Via catalytic hydrogenation using gold
Fiorio, Jhonatan L.,Rossi, Liane M.
, p. 312 - 318 (2021/01/29)
The epoxidation of olefin as a strategy to protect carbon-carbon double bonds is a well-known procedure in organic synthesis, however the reverse reaction, deprotection/deoxygenation of epoxides is much less developed, despite its potential utility for the synthesis of substituted olefins. Here, we disclose a clean protocol for the selective deprotection of epoxides, by combining commercially available organophosphorus ligands and gold nanoparticles (Au NP). Besides being successfully applied in the deoxygenation of epoxides, the discovered catalytic system also enables the selective reduction N-oxides and sulfoxides using molecular hydrogen as reductant. The Au NP catalyst combined with triethylphosphite P(OEt)3 is remarkably more reactive than solely Au NPs. The method is not only a complementary Au-catalyzed reductive reaction under mild conditions, but also an effective procedure for selective reductions of a wide range of valuable molecules that would be either synthetically inconvenient or even difficult to access by alternative synthetic protocols or by using classical transition metal catalysts. This journal is
Scalable Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols Using Catalytic DDQ/HNO3
Arseniyadis, Stellios,Clavier, Louis,Copin, Chloé,Fournier, Jean,Giffard, Jean-Fran?ois,Jean, Alexandre,Katsina, Tania,Macedo Portela Da Silva, Nayane,Tamion, Rodolphe
supporting information, p. 856 - 860 (2020/07/14)
A selective, practical, and scalable aerobic oxidation of alcohols is described that uses catalytic amounts of 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) and HNO3, with molecular oxygen serving as the terminal oxidant. The method was successfully applied to the oxidation of a wide range of benzylic, propargylic, and allylic alcohols, including two natural products, namely, carveol and podophyllotoxin. The conditions are also applicable to the selective oxidative deprotection of p-methoxybenzyl ethers.
Combining Photo-Organo Redox- and Enzyme Catalysis Facilitates Asymmetric C-H Bond Functionalization
Zhang, Wuyuan,Fueyo, Elena Fernandez,Hollmann, Frank,Martin, Laura Leemans,Pesic, Milja,Wardenga, Rainer,H?hne, Matthias,Schmidt, Sandy
supporting information, p. 80 - 84 (2019/01/04)
In this study, we combined photo-organo redox catalysis and biocatalysis to achieve asymmetric C–H bond functionalization of simple alkane starting materials. The photo-organo catalyst anthraquinone sulfate (SAS) was employed to oxyfunctionalise alkanes to aldehydes and ketones. We coupled this light-driven reaction with asymmetric enzymatic functionalisations to yield chiral hydroxynitriles, amines, acyloins and α-chiral ketones with up to 99 % ee. In addition, we demonstrate functional group interconversion to alcohols, esters and carboxylic acids. The transformations can be performed as concurrent tandem reactions. We identified the degradation of substrates and inhibition of the biocatalysts as limiting factors affecting compatibility, due to reactive oxygen species generated in the photocatalytic step. These incompatibilities were addressed by reaction engineering, such as applying a two-phase system or temporal and spatial separation of the catalysts. Using a selection of eleven starting alkanes, one photo-organo catalyst and 8 diverse biocatalysts, we synthesized 26 products and report for the model compounds benzoin and mandelonitrile > 97 % ee at gram scale.
A Simple, Mild and General Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydes or Ketones by SO2F2/K2CO3 Using DMSO as Solvent and Oxidant
Zha, Gao-Feng,Fang, Wan-Yin,Leng, Jing,Qin, Hua-Li
supporting information, p. 2262 - 2267 (2019/04/17)
A practical, general and mild oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols to carbonyl compounds proceeds in yields of up to 99% using SO2F2 as electrophile in DMSO as both the oxidant and the solvent at ambient temperature. No moisture- and oxygen-free conditions are required. Stoichiometric amount of inexpensive K2CO3, which generates easy to separate by-products, is used as the base. Thus, 5-gram scale runs proceeded in nearly quantitative yields by a simple filtration as the work-up. The use of a polar solvent such as DMSO, which usually promotes competing Pummerer rearrangement, is also noteworthy. This protocol is compatible with a variety of common N-, O-, and S-functional groups on (hetero)arene, alkene and alkyne substrates (68 examples). The protocol was applied (99% yield) to a formal synthesis of the important cholesterol-lowering drug Rosuvastatin. (Figure presented.).
Catalytic performance of bulk and colloidal Co/Al layered double hydroxide with Au nanoparticles in aerobic olefin oxidation
Leandro, Sónia R.,Fernandes, Cristina I.,Viana,Mourato,Vaz, Pedro D.,Nunes, Carla D.
, (2019/08/07)
A Co/Al layered double hydroxide material was synthesized in both bulk and exfoliated (colloidal) forms. Anion exchange with methionine allowed immobilization of Au nanoparticles previously prepared by a biomimetic method using an anti-oxidant tea aqueous extract to reduce the Au salt solution. The catalytic performance of bulk and exfoliated clays Au-hybrid materials was assessed in aerobic olefin epoxidation. Both catalysts were very active towards the epoxide products and with very interesting substrate conversion levels after 80 h reaction time. The Au-exfoliated material, where the nanosheets work as large ligands, yielded higher product stereoselectivity in the case of limonene epoxidation. This arises from a confined environment around the Au nanoparticles wrapped by the clay nanosheets modulating access to the catalytic active centres by reagents. Mechanistic assessment was also accomplished for styrene oxidation by DFT methods.
Exploring the substrate specificity of Cytochrome P450cin
Stok, Jeanette E.,Giang, Peter D.,Wong, Siew Hoon,De Voss, James J.
, (2019/08/02)
Cytochromes P450 are enzymes that catalyse the oxidation of a wide variety of compounds that range from small volatile compounds, such as monoterpenes to larger compounds like steroids. These enzymes can be modified to selectively oxidise substrates of interest, thereby making them attractive for applications in the biotechnology industry. In this study, we screened a small library of terpenes and terpenoid compounds against P450cin and two P450cin mutants, N242A and N242T, that have previously been shown to affect selectivity. Initial screening indicated that P450cin could catalyse the oxidation of most of the monoterpenes tested; however, sesquiterpenes were not substrates for this enzyme or the N242A mutant. Additionally, both P450cin mutants were found to be able to oxidise other bicyclic monoterpenes. For example, the oxidation of (R)- and (S)-camphor by N242T favoured the production of 5-endo-hydroxycamphor (65–77% of the total products, dependent on the enantiomer), which was similar to that previously observed for (R)-camphor with N242A (73%). Selectivity was also observed for both (R)- and (S)-limonene where N242A predominantly produced the cis-limonene 1,2-epoxide (80% of the products following (R)-limonene oxidation) as compared to P450cin (23% of the total products with (R)-limonene). Of the three enzymes screened, only P450cin was observed to catalyse the oxidation of the aromatic terpene p-cymene. All six possible hydroxylation products were generated from an in vivo expression system catalysing the oxidation of p-cymene and were assigned based on 1H NMR and GC-MS fragmentation patterns. Overall, these results have provided the foundation for pursuing new P450cin mutants that can selectively oxidise various monoterpenes for biocatalytic applications.
From Bugs to Bioplastics: Total (+)-Dihydrocarvide Biosynthesis by Engineered Escherichia coli
Ascue Avalos, Gabriel A.,Toogood, Helen S.,Tait, Shirley,Messiha, Hanan L.,Scrutton, Nigel S.
, p. 785 - 792 (2019/01/29)
The monoterpenoid lactone derivative (+)-dihydrocarvide ((+)-DHCD) can be polymerised to form shape-memory polymers. Synthetic biology routes from simple, inexpensive carbon sources are an attractive, alternative route over chemical synthesis from (R)-carvone. We have demonstrated a proof-of-principle in vivo approach for the complete biosynthesis of (+)-DHCD from glucose in Escherichia coli (6.6 mg L?1). The pathway is based on the Mentha spicata route to (R)-carvone, with the addition of an ′ene′-reductase and Baeyer–Villiger cyclohexanone monooxygenase. Co-expression with a limonene synthesis pathway enzyme enables complete biocatalytic production within one microbial chassis. (+)-DHCD was successfully produced by screening multiple homologues of the pathway genes, combined with expression optimisation by selective promoter and/or ribosomal binding-site screening. This study demonstrates the potential application of synthetic biology approaches in the development of truly sustainable and renewable bioplastic monomers.
