Inorganic Chemistry
Article
(100%) (M++H+), calc. for C34H30N4O4 is 558.6. Elemental Analysis
data: Calc. C, 73.10; H, 5.41; N, 10.03; Expt. C, 73.3; H, 5.39; N, 9.96.
Synthesis of Intermediate Compound A. A 200 mg portion
(0.44 mmol) of rhodamine B hydrazide and 121.5 mg of 4-bromo-1,8-
naphthalic anhydride (0.44 mmol) were taken in 10 mL of glacial
acetic acid to make a suspension. The suspension was heated to 110
°C for 24 h. Then it was cooled to room temperature and added to 40
mL of water. Then 1 M NaOH solution was added dropwise for
neutralization to pH 8. A violet colored precipitate appeared which
was filtered under vacuum in a G-3 crucible. Then the product was
dried in vacuum desiccator. Isolated yield of the compound A (yield
was calculated based on the starting compounds) was 95% (297 mg,
0.42 mmol). 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3, Si(CH3)4, J (Hz), δ
(ppm)): 8.53 (1H, d, J = 8.5, H11), 8.3 (1H, d, J = 7, H12), 8.07 (1H, d,
J = 7, H14), 8.03 (1H, d, J = 7.5, H9), 7.94 (1H, d, J = 8, H10), 7.76−
7.67 (2H, m, H7,8), 7.65 (1H, t, H13), 7.31 (1H, d, J = 7.5, H6), 6.68
(2H, d, J = 9, H5), 6.38 (2H, d, J = 8, H4), 6.07 (2H, br, H3), 3.32−
3.27 (8H, m, H2), 1.09 (12H, t, H1). ESI-MS (+ve mode): m/z; 717.77
(7%) (M++H+), calc. for C40H35BrN4O4 is 716.2. Elemental Analysis
data: Calc. C, 67.13; H, 4.93; N, 7.83; Expt. C, 67.3; H, 4.97; N, 7.8.
Synthesis of L2. A 200 mg portion (0.28 mmol) of compound A
was added to 10 mL of (excess) pyrrolidine and heated to reflux under
inert atmosphere for 18 h with continuous stirring. The reaction
mixture was cooled to room temperature and added to ice-cold water.
A yellow colored precipitate appeared, which was filtered through a G-
3 crucible. The product was washed several times with cold water and
then dried under vacuum desiccator. Isolated yield of the compound
L2 (yield was calculated based on the starting compounds) was 92%
molecules, as the RET based process is independent of the
concentration of a single fluorescent dye and one can quantify
the analyte concentration by using the ratio of intensities of the
well resolved fluorescence peaks with reasonable intensities at
two different wavelengths for analyte-free and analyte bound
probe.13 However, despite many advantages, examples of RET
based turn-on fluorogenic sensors for Hg2+ and more specifically
for Cr3+ in aqueous solution are not common in the literature.14
Earlier reports on Cr3+ sensors, more than one metal ion (e.g.,
15
either Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ and Al3+ or Ni2+ and Cd2+16) interfere
with the detection processes. Keeping this in mind we have
developed a new RET-based rhodamine derivative that is
capable of reporting the Cr3+ binding process through a RET-
based turn-on fluorescence response, while Hg2+ ion only
interferes with the detection process. To understand the
binding process and response phenomena well, we have also
synthesized another naphthalimide derivative (L3) as a control.
The change in spirocycle to open-ring form of the rhodamine
fragment in L1 and L2 results in the remarkable enhancement of
absorption or emission intensities, and these offer us the
possibility of studying the Cr3+ or Hg2+ recognition process
through the switch-on optical responsea criterion that is
important for developing an in-field detection reagent.
EXPERIMENTAL SECTION
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1
(181.5 mg, 0.26 mmol). H NMR (500 MHz, CD2Cl2, Si(CH3)4, J
Rhodamine 6G, Rhodamine B, phthalic anhydride, 4-bromo-1,8-
naphthalic anhydride, hydrazine hydrate, pyrrolidine, Hg(ClO4)2,
Cu(ClO4)2, Zn(ClO4)2, Ni(ClO4)2, Fe(ClO4)2, Pb(ClO4)2, Cd-
(ClO4)2, Cr(ClO4)3, Ca(ClO4)2, Co(ClO4)2, NaClO4, KClO4, Mg-
(ClO4)2, CsClO4, Ba(ClO4)2, Sr(ClO4)2, AgClO4 were purchased
from Sigma-Aldrich (U.S.A.). All the other reagents used were
procured from S. D. fine chemicals, India. Acetonitrile, Methanol (AR;
Merck, India), Ethanol (Spectrosol; Spectrochem, India) was used as a
solvent. HPLC grade water (Merck, India) was used for experiments
and spectral studies. ESI-MS measurements were carried out on
Waters QTof-Micro instrument. Microanalysis (C, H, N) was
performed using a Perkin-Elmer 4100 elemental analyzer. FTIR
spectra were recorded as KBr pellets using a Perkin-Elmer Spectra GX
2000 spectrometer. 1H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on
Bruker 500 MHz FT NMR (model: Avance-DPX 500) and Bruker
200 MHz FT NMR (model: Avance-DPX 200). Electronic spectra
were recorded with a Shimadzu UV-3101 PC/Varian Cary 500 Scan
UV−vis−NIR Spectrophotometer. Fluorescence spectra recorded with
a HORIBA JOBIN YVON spectrophotometer. Time resolved
emission studies measurements were carried out with an Edinburgh
OB920 spectrofluorimeter that works on Time Correlated Single
Photon Counting (TCSPC) technique.
(Hz), δ (ppm)): 8.54 (1H, d, J = 8.5, H28), 8.17 (1H, d, J = 7.5, H24),
8.05 (1H, d, J = 9, H26), 8.01 (1H, d, J = 7.5, H23) 7.69−7.61 (2H, m,
H21, 22), 7.41 (1H, t, H27), 7.26 (1H, d, J = 7.5, H25), 6.71−6.69 (3H,
m, J = 9, 2H19, 1H20), 6.37 (2H, d, J = 9, H18), 6.11(2H, dd, J 1= 7.3, J
1= 2, H17), 3.72 (4H, br, H29), 3.32−3.29 (8H, m, H16), 2.07−2.05
(4H, m, H30), 1.1(12H, t, H15) 13C NMR (DMSO-d6, 125 MHz,
Si(CH3)4, δ (ppm)): 164.0, 161.6, 160.34, 154.34, 152.97, 148.78,
133.56, 131.06, 130.39, 129.55, 125.11, 123.55, 122.17, 121.57, 108.8,
108.23, 105.52, 97.34, 79.53, 67.41, 53.35, 44.22, 25.99, 12.7. ESI-MS
(+ve mode): m/z; 706.09 (100%) (M++H+), calc. for C44H43N5O4 is
705.3. Elemental Analysis data: Calc. C, 74.87; H, 6.14; N, 9.92; Expt.
C, 74.7; H, 6.2; N, 10.0.
Synthesis of the Intermediate B. A 750 mg portion (2.71
mmol) of 4-bromo naphthalic anhydride was added to 50 mL of
ethanol and heated to reflux. To this suspension 132 μL (2.71 mmol)
of hydrazine hydrate was added dropwise and heated to reflux for
overnight; a yellow colored precipitate appeared. The reaction mixture
was cooled to room temperature and filtered through G-4 crucible.
The residue was washed several times with ethanol and then with
slight ether. Isolated yield of the intermediate B (yield was calculated
based on the starting compounds) was 91% (717 mg, 2.46 mmol). 1H
NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d6, Si(CH3)4, J (Hz), δ (ppm)): 8.55−8.47
(2H, m, H33,35), 8.39 (1H, d, J = 7.8, H32), 8.17 (1H, d, J = 7.8, H31),
7.96 (1H, t, H34), 5.78 (2H, s, H36). ESI-MS (+ve mode): m/z; 315.1
(100%) (M++Na+), calc. for C12H7BrN2O2 is 292. Elemental Analysis
data: Calc. C, 49.51; H, 2.42; N, 9.62; Expt. C, 49.3; H, 2.4; N, 9.7.
Synthesis of Intermediate C. Compound C was synthesized
following a procedure similar to that for synthesis of L2 using the
intermediate B instead of the intermediate A. Isolated yield of the
intermediate B (yield was calculated based on the starting
Synthetic Methodology. Rhodamine 6G hydrazide and Rhod-
amine B hydrazide were prepared following a literature method.17
Synthesis of L1. A 300 mg portion (0.7 mmol) of rhodamine-6G
hydrazide was dissolved in 50 mL of dry acetonitrile by heating, with
continuous stirring under N2 atmosphere. Then 150 mg (0.77 mmol)
of phthalic anhydride was added to the solution and then heated to
reflux for 48 h. After that the reaction mixture was cooled to room
temperature and evaporated to dryness. Then to the reaction mixture
30 mL of ethanol was added and stirred for about 3 h; a precipitate
appeared which was filtered through G-4 crucible. The residue was
washed several times with ethanol. Isolated yield of the compound L1
(yield was calculated based on the starting compounds) was 55% (215
mg, 0.38 mmol). 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6, Si(CH3)4, J (Hz), δ
(ppm)): 7.97 (1H, d, J = 7.5, Hj), 7.85 (4H, m, Hk,l,m,n), 7.75 (1H, t,
Hi), 7.68 (1H, t, Hh), 7.21 (1H, d, J = 7.5, Hg), 6.35 (2H, s, Hf), 6.1
(2H, s, Hd), 5.07 (2H, s, Hc), 3.07−3.05 (4H, m, Hb), 1.91 (6He, s,
He), 1.18 (6H, t, Ha). 13C NMR (DMSO-d6, 125 MHz, Si(CH3)4, δ
(ppm)): 163.75, 163.54, 151.77, 150.98, 147.88, 135.59, 134.31,
129.82, 129.09, 128.74, 128.04, 124.55, 123.99, 123.06, 117.47, 103.4,
94.96, 66.74, 37.43, 17.15, 14.09. ESI-MS (+ve mode): m/z; 559.24
1
compounds) was 89% (430 mg, 1.6 mmol). H NMR (200 MHz,
DMSO-d6, Si(CH3)4, J (Hz), δ (ppm)): 8.75 (1H, J = 8.4, d, H37), 8.5
(1H, d, J = 7.2, H39), 8.3 (1H, d, J = 8.8, H41), 7.59 (1H, t, H38), 6.87
(1H, d, J = 8.8, H40) 3.83 (4H, t, H42), 2.12 (4H, t, H43). ESI-MS (+ve
mode): m/z; 322.46 (100%) (M++H2O+Na+), calc. for C16H15N3O2 is
281.31. Elemental Analysis data: Calc. C, 68.31; H, 5.37; N, 14.94;
Expt. C, 68.1; H, 5.3; N, 14.9.
Synthesis of Compound L3. Compound L3 was synthesized by
using the procedure as L1; while the intermediate C was used instead
of rhodamine-6G hydrazide for the reaction. Isolated yield for L3
(yield was calculated based on the starting compounds) was 87.5%
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dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic202073q | Inorg. Chem. 2012, 51, 1769−1777