Helicity induction and amplification in an oligo(p-phenylenevinylene) assembly through hydrogen-bonded chiral acids

Article abstract of DOI:10.1002/anie.200702730

(Figure Presented) Regulating the twist: Tunable supramolecular chirality is induced in an achiral helical self-assembly (P, M; see picture) by hydrogen-bonded chiral guest molecules (yellow and purple rods). Chiroptical probing of the π-conjugated chromo

Full text of DOI:10.1002/anie.200702730

Communications
DOI: 10.1002/anie.200702730
Supramolecular Chirality
Helicity Induction and Amplification in an Oligo(p-phenylenevinylene)
Assembly through Hydrogen-Bonded Chiral Acids**
ˇ
´
Subi J. George, Zeljko Tomovic, Maarten M. J. Smulders, Tom F. A. de Greef,
Philippe E. L. G. Lecl›re, E. W. Meijer,* and Albertus P. H. J. Schenning*
Synthetic polymeric and supramolecular helical systems are a
topic of great current interest because of their chirotechno-
logical applications in sensors, optoelectronic, and photo-
chromic materials.[1] Mechanistic insight into the chiral
amplification of these synthetic systems will provide a
better understanding on the origin of homochirality of
biological macromolecules and spontaneous resolution on
crystallization.[2–4] In most cases, helicity has been achieved by
the use of chiral monomers.[3,5] However, tedious asymmetric
synthesis and lack of control over the chirality outcome make
the design of chiral monomers a challenging task. A different
approach towards helical systems is to exploit host–guest
chemistry to induce tunable chirality to the achiral host by
specific recognition of appropriate chiral guest molecules that
are easy accessible. Although this strategy has been well
studied in polymeric systems,[1b,3e] the extension of this
concept to self-assembled systems is seldom reported,[5a,6] as
the guest recognition through additional functional-group
interactions may interfere with the stability of the supra-
molecular receptors themselves and hence a careful design is
needed. Herein we use chiral acids as supramolecular chiral
regulators, which bind to the periphery of the self-assemblies
through hydrogen-bonded interactions and thereby induce
tunable chiroptical properties. Spectroscopic probing of the
helical self-assembly of optically sensitive p-conjugated
chromophores sheds further light into the mechanistic path-
ways of chiral induction. We also demonstrate the chiral
amplification with guest molecules.
self-complementary quadruple hydrogen-bonding interac-
tions (Scheme 1a). The free amine proton Ha and the
triazine-ring nitrogen atom of the UT motif between the
OPV group and the amine (see Figure 1a) can be used for
additional two-point hydrogen bonding. Therefore, we chose
complementary homochiral citronellic acid (R- or S-CA) as a
chiral regulator (Scheme 1b).[7] A-OPVUT, carrying the
achiral butyloxy side chains, was synthesized according to
the reported procedure for chiral analogues with S-methyl-
butyloxy side chains.[8,9] The 1H NMR spectrum of A-OPVUT
in [D8]toluene has NH signals at d = 9.87 (Hb) and d =
10.49 ppm (Hc) typical for dimeric quadruple hydrogen-
bonded ureido-s-triazine species (Figure 1).[8]
We investigated the complexation of R-CA with A-
OPVUT in [D8]toluene, a good solvent for OPVs, by
performing NMR spectroscopy titration experiments with a
constant concentration of A-OPVUT (1 mm) and with
increasing concentrations of acid guests. Since all OPV
molecules are present as dimers at this concentration,[10] any
further changes in NH-resonances of the UT motif in the
presence of the acid would give clear information about the
mode of binding. The Ha proton of A-OPVUT, which is not
involved in the quadruple hydrogen bonding, showed a
noticeable downfield shift in presence of the acid, which is
definitive proof for hydrogen-bonding interactions between
the acid and UT motifs (Figure 1). Nonlinear curve fitting of
the chemical shift using a modified 1:1 binding model gave a
Ka value of (31 Æ 6)mÀ1 [11]
.
The other two NH protons (Hb
The supramolecular system consists of an achiral oligo(p-
phenylenevinylene) (OPV) p-conjugated host (A-OPVUT)
capped with a mono-ureidotriazine (UT) motif designed for
and Hc) involved in the quadruple hydrogen bonding are
affected very weakly by complexation and showed only a
small upfield shift, indicating that the dimeric form of OPV is
not affected by guest binding (Figure 1).[9] These observations
support the structure of the 1:1 A-OPVUT-citronellic acid
complex as shown in Scheme 1b, where the acid binds to the
ureidotriazine moiety of OPV through orthogonal two-point
hydrogen bonding interactions.
ˇ
´
[*] Dr. S. J. George, Dr. Z. Tomovic, M. M. J. Smulders, T. F. A. de Greef,
Dr. P. E. L. G. Lecl›re,[+] Prof. Dr. E. W. Meijer,
Dr. A. P. H. J. Schenning
Laboratory for Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry
Eindhoven University of Technology
PO Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven (The Netherlands)
Fax: (+31)40-245-1036
We studied the self-assembly of host A-OPVUT (1 ”
10À5 m) into supramolecular stacks in methyl cyclohexane
(MCH), a poor solvent for the OPV backbone. Spectroscopic
data showed characteristic features of the self-assembled
OPV chromophores, such as a strong vibronic absorption at
505 nm (lmax = 435 nm) and a red-shifted broad emission with
a maximum at 610 nm (lex = 400 nm).[9] At high temperature,
disassembly of A-OPVUT leads to spectral features similar to
those observed in chloroform, such as an absorption max-
imum at 431 nm and a structured emission spectrum with
maxima at 501 and 533 nm, and an increased quantum yield.[9]
To characterize the spectral changes during the self-assembly
and to investigate its mechanism we performed temperature-
E-mail: e.w.meijer@tue.nl
a.p.h.j.schenning@tue.nl
[+] Also at:
UniversitØ de Mons-Hainaut
Place du Parc, 20, 7000 Mons (Belgium)
[**] We thank the Netherlands Scientific Organization (NWO) for a VIDI
grant. P.E.L.G.L. is Chercheur QualifiØ, FNRS-Belgium. We would
like to thank Dr. Steven De Feyter for helpful discussions and Dr.
Koen Pieterse for the artwork.
Supporting Information for this article is available on the WWW
under http://www.angewandte.org or from the author.
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Scheme 1. a) Molecular structures of achiral OPV host A-OPVUT and R-(+)- and S-(À)-citronellic acid (R-CA and S-CA, respectively) guests.
b) Proposed hydrogen-bonded structure of the A-OPVUT–acid 1:1 host–guest complex (the 2:2 host–guest complex is considered here as a 1:1
complex since the binding sites are independent).
dependent studies under thermodynamic control by slowly
cooling the solution from 363 K to 293 K at a rate of
60 KhÀ1.[9,12] Analysis of the cooling curve obtained by
monitoring the vibronic absorption at 505 nm (indicative of
p–p stacking) revealed a highly cooperative nucleation-
growth pathway for the self-assembly of A-OPVUT similar
to that observed for reported chiral analogues: discrete
monomeric or hydrogen-bonded dimeric species at high
temperatures and p-stacked assemblies at lower temper-
atures.[8,9] The temperature at which the elongation of the A-
OPVUT assembly sets in (Te, 324 K, 1 ” 10À5 m) is noticeably
higher than that of the corresponding chiral derivative
(313 K), indicating more stable p stacking for these achiral
molecules.[9] Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis of a
dropcasted MCH solution of A-OPVUT on mica showed
micrometer long fibers of about 6-nm width that bundled at
higher concentration to form gels.[9,13]
We further investigated the chiral induction in the self-
assembly of A-OPVUT by the complexation of R-(+) or S-
(À)-citronellic acid guest molecules in MCH. In order to self-
assemble the host–guest complexes under thermodynamic
control, mixtures of A-OPVUT (2 ” 10À4 m) and chiral acid
(4 ” 10À4 m) in MCH were heated above Te and cooled slowly
(see below). Circular dichroism (CD) studies of A-OPVUT in
the presence of R-CA or S-CA showed very strong mirror-
image Cotton effects, indicating that the chiral guest induces a
Figure 1. a) The quadruple hydrogen-bonding pattern of UTs.
^
*
b) Chemical shifts of the NHa ( ), NHb (?), and NHc ( ) protons of
the A-OPVUT dimer (1.0 mm) in the 1H NMR spectra (400 MHz) on
complexation with R-CA (0–48 equivalents) in [D8]toluene.
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preferred handedness in the self-assembled helical stacks of
achiral OPV molecules (Figure 2a). Binding of R-CA gave a
bisignated CD spectrum similar to that reported for the
are observed, possibly because at low guest concentrations
the unoccupied binding sites of the OPV stacks cannot be
helically directed. The 1:1 stoichiometry of the A-OPVUT–
acid complex is further confirmed by Job plot experiments,
whereby the CD intensity was monitored (460 nm) against the
mole fraction of A-OPVUT (cA-OPVUT), which showed a
maximum when the mole fraction of OPV was 0.5 (Fig-
ure 2c).[15]
All the normalized CD titration cooling curves (moni-
tored at 460 nm) are fitted well by the nucleation-growth
model, revealing in all cases a constant Te of (341.4 Æ 0.1) K
and a constant He (enthalpy of elongation) of (140 Æ
5) kJmolÀ1 (Figure 2d).[9,12] Remarkably, this Te value is
similar for A-OPVUT itself (341.7 K at 2 ” 10À4 m), indicating
that chiral acid binding hardly affects the self-assembly and
that A-OPVUT in MCH exists as a racemic mixture of P-
(right handed) and M- (left
homochiral analogues: positive at high energy (lmax
=
420 nm) and negative at low energy (lmax = 460 nm), with a
zero crossing at 440 nm which is close to the wavelength of the
absorption maximum characteristic of exciton-coupled heli-
cally ordered chromophores.[8] To follow the saturation of CD
effects and to confirm the binding mode of chiral acids to A-
OPVUT, we used the chiroptical properties as a marker and
performed titration experiments. CD titration with a fixed
concentration (2 ” 10À4 m) of A-OPVUT in MCH but chang-
ing the concentration of the acid guests (0–4 ” 10À4 m) showed
a gradual increase of CD signal through an isodichroic point
at the zero crossing for both R- and S-enantiomers of the
citronellic acid (Figure 2a,b). The titration curve could be
handed) helices, the ratio of
which is affected by the chiral
guests. This result is further
supported by the absorption
spectrum of A-OPVUT, which
does not change upon acid
binding. AFM analysis of the
co-assembled OPV-acid solu-
tion in MCH does not show
significant changes in the mor-
phologies of the aggregated
stacks with and without
acids.[9] We have taken extra
care for linear dichroism (LD)
artifacts in the CD measure-
ments as a result of convective
flow induced alignment of the
long fibrous assemblies.[16] No
LD is observed for A-OPVUT
stacks during the cooling
experiments in MCH in the
elongation regime.[9] However,
deviation of the CD data from
the fit after reaching a critical
stack length at low tempera-
tures (approx. 313 K) is due to
the contribution of LD from
the clustering and alignment of
Figure 2. CD titration of R-CA and S-CA with A-OPVUT (2”10À4 m) in MCH; a) mirror-image CD spectra
fibers.[17]
&
*
and b) plot of CD intensity at 460 nm versus equivalents of chiral acid; S-CA ( ) and R-CA ( ). c) Job plot
of the mole fraction of A-OPVUT versus CD intensity at 460 nm; the sum of the concentration of A-OPVUT
and R-CA is kept constant at 3”10À4 m. d) CD cooling curves (red and blue symbols for R- and S-acid
(4”10À4 m) respectively) obtained by monitoring the CD intensity at 460 nm. The fits (green lines) are for
one-dimensional growth (dT/dt=À60 KhÀ1, l=1 mm).
Remarkably, when two
equivalents of R-CA were
added to preassembled
a
MCH solution of A-OPVUT
at room temperature, no chiral
induction was observed. To
gain more insight into this
fitted to a 1:1 binding model, in which each OPV behaves as
an independent binding site, giving an apparent association
constant of (20 Æ 3) ” 103 mÀ1 in MCH.[14] Apparently, the
complex nature of the various processes occurring during self-
assembly (see below) can be fitted to a simple model. No
indications for significant chiral amplification during titration
observation, this solution was slowly heated (6 KhÀ1) (Fig-
ure 3a), which showed the appearance and a gradual increase
of induced CD signal above 313 K and subsequent disappear-
ance at 343 K on transition to molecularly dissolved species.
The temperature at which the CD effect appears (313 K) is
close to the critical stack length of the OPVs, where the
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possible only in a certain temperature range. Although the
OPV molecules are not able to reorganize for the helix
reversal at low temperatures, the acid–guest binding could
still be at equilibrium, as reported for polymeric systems.[18]
We studied the possibility of chiral amplification in the
self-assembly of A-OPVUT (2.4 ” 10À4 m) by varying the
enantiomeric excess (ee) of the supramolecular chiral regu-
lators (the total concentration of the acid is kept constant at
two equivalents). The plot of CD intensity at 460 nm showed
nonlinear behavior of the optical purity for the chiral acids,
indicating that the major enantiomer of the guest molecules
controls the helical sense of the OPV stacks (Figure 5a). In
contrast to the titration experiments, the chiral amplification
in the A-OPVUT self-assembly by varying the enantiomeric
excess (ee) of acids is possible, as the total concentration of
the acid is constant. Therefore, at high temperature, mainly
host–guest complexes exist, in which the chiral acids are able
to amplify the chirality upon self-assembly. Although the so-
called “majority rules” principle, coined by Green and co-
workers,[19] has been recently extended to noncovalent
systems by varying the ratio of enantiomeric chiral mono-
mers,[20] the amplification of chirality by the transfer of chiral
information from the supramolecular chiral regulators to the
achiral self-assembly is an unique observation. “Sergeant and
soldiers” experiments with a mixture of S-CA and achiral
octanoic acid further showed the chiral amplification in A-
OPVUT supramolecular stacks upon guest binding (Fig-
ure 5b).
Figure 3. a) Heating curve (dT/dt=6 KhÀ1) of A-OPVUT in MCH
(2”10À4 m, l=1 mm) with R-CA (4”10À4 m) by monitoring the CD
intensity at 460 nm. b) Time-dependent growth of CD intensity at
460 nm for A-OPVUT in MCH at different temperatures in the
elongation regime on the addition of twoequivalents of R-CA.
In conclusion, we have demonstrated the tunable chiral
induction and amplification in achiral OPV assemblies by
hydrogen-bond-assisted chiral-guest recognition. Further-
more, detailed investigation of the chiroptical properties
sheds light onto the mechanistic pathways of chiral induction
and shows that chirality induction is feasible only at certain
stages of the self-assembly process. As the stability of the self-
assembly is not affected by the chiral guests, they can be
elongation process deviates from the one-dimensional growth
model (Figure 2d). These data suggest that chiral induction
only occurs at certain stages of the self-assembly process,
where the stacks are dynamic enough for reorganization upon
guest binding. To study the kinetics of chiral induction, two
equivalents of R-CA were added to a
preassembled A-OPVUT solution at
different temperatures. The induction
rate is faster at higher temperatures
(Figure 3b). The exact mechanism of
the helix reversal is not clear, as it
could be helix reorganization similar
to that observed in polymers and/or
through an equilibrium between mon-
omers and stacks. We have not yet
analyzed the kinetic data.
All of the data presented on chiral
induction is visualized in Figure 4. The
self-assembly of A-OPVUT–citronel-
lic acid complexes into helical stacks
through p–p interactions follows a
nucleation-growth mechanism, the
handedness of which is biased by the
remote molecular chirality of the
hydrogen-bonded acids. However,
chiral induction in a racemic mixture
of P- and M-helical stacks of A-
Figure 4. Schematic representation of the chiral induction in A-OPVUT stacks with chiral acid
OPVUT in MCH by chiral acids is
guests.
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Figure 5. a) CD intensity of A-OPVUT (2.4”10À4 m) in MCH for
mixtures of R-CA and S-CA. b) CD intensity of A-OPVUT (2”10À4 m) in
MCH for mixtures of S-CA and achiral octanoic acid. In both cases the
total concentration of the acid mixtures are kept constant at two
equivalents and the CD intensity monitored at 460 nm. Straight lines
show the situation for no amplification.
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modified further to introduce interesting functional proper-
ties to the p-conjugated stacks.
[8] a) A. P. H. J. Schenning, P. Jonkheijm, E. Peeters, E. W. Meijer,
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 409; b) P. Jonkheijm, F. J. M.
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[9] See Supporting Information for details.
Received: June 21, 2007
Revised: July 18, 2007
Published online: September 20, 2007
[10] Based on the association constant (2 ” 104 mÀ1) of the chiral
analogues in chloroform, we propose that A-OPVUT, in toluene
at 1 mm concentration and at room temperature, exists as
hydrogen-bonded dimers.
Keywords: chirality · helical structures · host–guest systems ·
.
self-assembly · supramolecular chemistry
[11] We assume the dimerization constant of R-CA in toluene is
approximately kd = 446mÀ1; see:Y. Fujii, H. Yamada, M. Mizuta,
J. Phys. Chem. 1988, 92, 6768. A-OPVUT exists fully as dimers
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[2] For reviews on chiral amplification in macromolecular systems,
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(kd = 2 ” 104 mÀ1
) with two independent binding sites. See
Supporting Information for details.
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[13] Critical gelator concentrations of A-OPVUT in MCH and
toluene were determined to be 1 mm and 2 mm, respectively.
[14] Best fits (based on residual analysis) were obtained by assuming
the dimerization constant of acid is zero, which is based on the
preparation method of the complexes. R-CA is already hydro-
gen-bonded to the OPV dimers at high temperatures, and upon
cooling, the CD signal appears owing to the stacking of this
supramolecular complex. See Supporting Information for
details.
[15] S or R-citronellol can also induce a preference for homochiral
stacks. However more than 500 equivalents of chiral alcohol is
required for the saturation of chirality, suggesting that the
interaction between alcohol and OPV is less strong compared to
the chiral acid guest (See Supporting Information). No chiral
induction occurs when R-2,6-dimethyl octane is added.
[3] For recent reviews on chiral amplification in supramolecular
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1998, 110, 65; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 63; b) C. Schmuck,
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8210
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[16] Surprisingly, we have observed a remarkable linear-dichroism
effect in dodecane upon cooling the sample slowly for similar
achiral OPV derivatives even in dilute solution, as a result of
convective flow and resultant alignment of fibers in the cuvette
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[17] We have used the CD values at higher temperatures (313 K) for
the titration and Job plot graphs, to avoid any significant
contribution from the LD.
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