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SORKHABI ET AL.
1 | INTRODUCTION
irradiation[23] or standard hot conditions.[24] Many of men-
tioned organic rings demonstrate anticoagulant, antican-
cer, spasmolytic, antianaphylactic, and diuretic activity.
Also, they can be utilized as cognitive booster, for control-
ling neurodegenerative diseases, such as Huntington's dis-
ease, Alzheimer's disease, AIDS-associated dementia,
Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and
Down's syndrome as well as for the therapy of myoclonus
and schizophrenia.[25] Scheme 1 showed some biological
examples of pyran and chromene derivatives as drugs.
Although lots of attempts have been made for the syn-
thesis of pyran derivatives including anchored dysprosium
and praseodymium complexes on CoFe2O4,[13] visible light
irradiation promoted catalyst free and solvent free,[26]
Today, the efficient synthesis of chemicals can be charac-
terized, not only by main factors as overall yield and
selectivity but also by its time, human resources, using
natural compounds, and the amount of required energy
and imposed hazards and also toxicity of the relevant
compounds and systems.[1] Multicomponent reactions
(MCRs) have been presented as a powerful and affective
way in new chemistry due to fast and easy availability of
substrates without separation of any intermediate.[2–7]
Moreover, by using multiple transformations, the
approach of MCRs is extremely congruous with the goals
of “green chemistry.”[8,9]
Also, using MCRs in an aqueous condition is an
active scope of investigation for modern combinatorial
chemists and medicinal combinatorial chemists due to
the simple design of reaction, lower cost, powerful bond
forming, efficiency, being devoid of any carcinogenic
effects, atom economy, diversity-oriented synthesis
(DOS), reduced environmental challenges, and the sim-
plicity to synthesis target materials by the use of several
proper elements that are valuable to the environment
and to the industry.[10,11]
Pyran rings are normal structural subunits which
exist in several natural compounds, such as alkaloids,
carbohydrates, iridoids, pheromones, and polyether anti-
biotics.[12,13] Recently, these organic structures have
attracted remarkable interest because of their numerous
biological functions. Owing to bio-isosteric parameters,
aromatic six-membered N-heterocyclic structures are of
much significance in the pharmaceutical points of
view both practically and theoretically. For example,
pyrimidine rings as a basic part of RNA and DNA have a
considerable role in various biological functions.[14–16]
Hence, the chemotherapeutic influence of annulated
pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidines is due to their potency to
inhibit enzyme activity toward DNA preparation, includ-
ing thymidylate synthetase (TSase), dihydrofolate
reductase (DHFR), reverse transcriptase (RTase),
and thymidine phosphorylase (TPase).[17] When pyrano
[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives are annulated into a target
location, the outcome compound increases pharmaceuti-
cal ability, such as antileishmanial activity,[18]
antibacterial,[19] antihypertensive,[20] antimalarial, ant-
iviral, antiallergic, antibronchitic, analgesic, cardiotonic,
herbicidal activities, and antitumor.[21]
nano-CuO–Ag,[27]
piperazine-1,4-diium
dihydrogen
phosphate,[28] imidazole-based bis-dicationic Brönsted
acidic ionic liquids,[29] carboxy group functionalized
imidazolium salts,[30] Ni2+ supported on hydroxyapatite-
core-shell-γ-Fe2O3,[6] [EMIM][OH] ionic liquid,[31] and
Fe3O4@APTES@isatin-SO3H,[32] and the same attempts
have been carried out for the synthesis of chromene such
as CTMAB-bentonite,[33] Ni(II)-Schiff base/SBA-15,[34]
Co3O4/NiO@GQDs@SO3H,[35] BF3ÁSiO2,
α-Fe2O3,[37]
[36]
and CuO nanoparticles.[38] Previous reported methods
introduced in literature have some drawbacks such as long
reaction times, drastic conditions, poor recovery of expen-
sive catalysts, complex synthetic pathways, and unsatisfac-
tory yields. Thus, according to their significance from
industrial, synthetic and pharmacological sectors introduc-
ing a novel, efficient, and eco-friendly protocol for the
preparation of these heterocycle compounds have attracted
significant interest.
On the other hand, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs)
have particularly drawn attention as their magnetic prop-
erties can greatly facilitate the application and separation
of compounds.[39–42] Magnetic isolation is eco-friendly,
quick, and more effective than centrifugation and filtra-
tion.[43–46] Among the various MNPs, Fe3O4 seems to be
the most interesting magnetic substance for the catalyst
support; however, Fe3O4 is quite chemically unstable. On
the contrary, cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4), which is a typical
ferromagnetic oxide, has high thermal constancy, moder-
ate magnetization, mechanical rigidity, and the signifi-
cant chemical stability.[47] Among several spinel ferrites,
cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) is especially well accepted due to
using inexpensive commercially available materials, and
as it is, easily prepared, being moisture insensitive, and
readily separated from reaction mixture.[48,49] Also, they
possess distinguished properties such as high chemical,
mechanical, and thermal stability; high magnetism; large
specific surface area; and moderate magnetization satura-
tion. So extensive use of CoFe2O4 in various fields like
biomedical, photocatalyst, photomagnetic drug delivery
In addition, dihydropyrano[3,2-c]chromene com-
pounds are very beneficial structures in different areas of
biology, pharmacology, and chemistry.[22] The common
methods for the generation of pyrano [2,3-d] pyrimidine-
2,4(1H,3H)-diones include the reaction of barbituric
acid with arylidenemalononitriles under microwave
Sorkhabi, Serve
