Synthesis and biological activity of 2′, 3′-iso-aryl-abscisic acid analogs

Article abstract of DOI:10.3390/molecules22122229

2′, 3′-iso-Benzoabscisic acid (iso-PhABA), an excellent selective abscisic acid (ABA) analog, was developed in our previous work. In order to find its more structure-activity information, some structural modifications were completed in this paper, includi

Full text of DOI:10.3390/molecules22122229

molecules
Communication
Synthesis and Biological Activity of
0
0
2
,3 -iso-Aryl-abscisic Acid Analogs
1
1
ID
1
2
1
Chuan Wan , Mingan Wang
, Dongyan Yang , Xiaoqiang Han , Chuanliang Che ,
1
1
1,
Shanshan Ding , Yumei Xiao and Zhaohai Qin *
1
College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; wanchuan@cau.edu.cn (C.W.);
wangma@cau.edu.cn (M.W.); yangdy@cau.edu.cn (D.Y.); chechuanliang@cau.edu.cn (C.C.);
dss_5233@163.com (S.D.); xiaoyumei@cau.edu.cn (Y.X.)
College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; hancau@cau.edu.cn
2
*
Correspondence: qinzhaohai@263.net; Tel.: +86-010-6273-2958
Received: 25 November 2017; Accepted: 14 December 2017; Published: 15 December 2017
0
0
Abstract: 2 ,3 -iso-Benzoabscisic acid (iso-PhABA), an excellent selective abscisic acid (ABA) analog,
was developed in our previous work. In order to find its more structure-activity information, some
structural modifications were completed in this paper, including the substitution of phenyl ring
and replacing the ring with heterocycles. Thus, 16 novel analogs of iso-PhABA were synthesized
and screened with three bioassays, Arabidopsis and lettuce seed germination and rice seedling
0
0
0
0
elongation. Some of them, i.e., 2 ,3 -iso-pyridoabscisic acid (iso-PyABA) and 2 ,3 -iso-franoabscisic acid
iso-FrABA), displayed good bioactivities that closed to iso-PhABA and natural (+)-ABA. Some others,
(
for instance, substituted-iso-PhABA, exhibited certain selectivity to different physiological process
when compared to iso-PhABA or (+)-ABA. These analogs not only provided new candidates of
ABA-like synthetic plant growth regulators (PGRs) for practical application, but also new potential
selective agonist/antagonist for probing the specific function of ABA receptors.
Keywords: abscisic acid; iso-benzoabscisic acid (iso-PhABA); iso-PhABA analogs; ABA like activities
1
. Introduction
The crucial role of abscisic acid (S-(+)-ABA 1, Figure 1) as a phytohormone in a wide variety of
physiological processes of plants, including inhibiting or promoting growth, maintaining bud and seed
dormancy, affecting flowering and sex differentiation, as well as conducting environmental stresses
response [1–8], motivates numerous scientific investigations into the agricultural application of ABA.
However, the widely using of abscisic acid (ABA) has been hindered by its rapid metabolism in plants
and light isomerization in vitro
[9–17]. Focusing on the development of metabolism resistant analogs,
significant efforts were devoted by different researchers. For example, methoxyl [18], alkynyl [19], or
0
0
0
fluorine atoms [20
,
21] at the 8 or 9 -positionm and halogen atoms [22
,
23] at the 3 -position had been
0
introduced to avoid 8 -hydroxylation and Michael addition, and the corresponding analogs displayed
excellent ABA-like activities. Nonetheless, they are too expensive to practical use in field due to their
complicated synthetic routes.
0
0
0
A successful case of 8 -hydroxylation resistant analog was 2 ,3 -benzoabscisic acid
2 [24,25]
(
Figure 1), which had excellent bioactivity and relatively efficient synthetic route. Inspired by this
0 0
3 [26], in our previous works, we had developed 2 ,3 -iso-Benzoabscisic
compound and iso-ABA
acid (iso-PhABA) 4a [27], which is an excellent and easier preparation ABA analog. The deeply
investigations of bioactivity and agonist-receptor interactions for 4a suggested that it is a state-of-art
ABA-like regulator and a selective ABA agonist, i.e., PYL10 has the highest inhibitory effect on
the phosphatase activity of HAB1 in the presence of (+)-iso-PhABA. Meanwhile, the analysis on
Molecules 2017, 22, 2229; doi:10.3390/molecules22122229
www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules

Molecules 2017, 22, 2229
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the complex crystal structure of iso-PhABA with PYL10 revealed the detailed hydrogen bonds and
multiple hydrophobic interactions. Thus, it provides a new and robust precursor for the design of
ABA receptor agonists/antagonists. Consequently, in this work, we aimed at the further studies of
0
0
the analogs of 2 ,3 -iso-PhABA 4a to obtain more compounds with good ABA-like bioactivity and
selective agonist/antagonists-receptor interactions. Here, we reported the synthesis and biological
activity of substituted-iso-PhABA analogs 4b
–
4d and heterocyclic analogs
5
and
6
(see Figure 2).
Their structure-activity relationship (SAR) was also discussed.
Figure 1. Abscisic acid (ABA) and ABA analogs.
0
0
Figure 2. Design strategy of 2 ,3 -iso-Benzoabscisic acid (iso-PhABA) 4a analogs.
2
. Results and Discussion
2
.1. Chemistry
As shown in Scheme 1, to obtain target compounds substituted-iso-PhABA (4b
–4d) and heterocyclic
0
0
analogs 2 ,3 -iso-heterocylicABA (iso-HetABA, 5a
the preparation of dicarbonyl intermediates 9b
–5d
,
,
6), four different pathways (a–d in Scheme 1) for
–9d
13a 13d, and 17 were established, respectively.
–
Firstly, the preparation of intermediates 9b
–
9d (Scheme 1a) were followed the similar pathway
27], comprising the vicinal methylation of the carbonyl
of subtituted-1-tetralones (step i in Scheme 1a) to obtain 8b 8d and the oxidation of the benzyl
carbon with Co(acac) /t-BuOOH system [28] (step ii in Scheme 1a). Then, for the preparations
0
0
of the synthesis of 2 ,3 -iso-PhABA
4 [25,
–
2

Molecules 2017, 22, 2229
3 of 15
of pyridine analogs 13a–13d, two different methods were applied for the intermediates 12a–12d.
The reaction of 5,5-dimethylcyclohexane-1,3-dione with ammonium acetate afforded 11 (step iii in
Scheme 1b), and then intermediate 11 reacted with commercially available 1,1,3,3-tetraethoxylpropane
and catalytic amount of p-toluenesulfonic acid to afford 12a (step iv in Scheme 1b), which can oxide by
Co(acac) /t-BuOOH system to afford the dione 13a (step ii in Scheme 1b) [29
,
30]. The preparation of
13d, on the other hand, were conducted by three steps, including the condensation of
methyl ketones with dimethylformamide dimethylacetal to afford 15b 15d (step v in Scheme 1c),
the pyridine ring closure between enamino ketones and 5,5-dimethylcyclohexane-1,3-dione in
refluxing acetic acid to afford 12b 12d (step vi in Scheme 1c), and the oxidation to afford diones
13d (step ii in Scheme 1c) [31]. Moreover, 2 steps, comprising the furan ring closure between
,5-dimethylcyclohexane-1,3-dione and ClCH CHO to afford 16 (step vii in Scheme 1d) and the
2
the diones 13b
–
–
–
1
3b–
5
2
oxidation to afford dione 17 (step ii in Scheme 1d), were applied for the preparation of furan
analog 6 [32,33].
Scheme 1.
Synthesis of substitueted-iso-PhABA analogs
5 and heterocyclic analogs
substituted-iso-HetABA
6
. Reagents and conditions: (i) MeI, NaH, THF; (ii) Co(acac) , t-BuOOH,
2
acetone, r.t.; (iii) NH OAc, toluene, reflux; (iv) 1,1,3,3-tetraethoxylpropane, p-toluenesulfonic acid, DMF,
4
reflux; (v) dimethylformamide dimethylacetal, xylene, reflux; (vi) 5,5-dimethylcyclohexane-1,3-dione,
HOAc, reflux; (vii) ClCH CHO, KOH, KI, H O, r.t.; (viii) n-BuLi, (Z)-3-methylpent-2-en-4-yn-1-ol,
2
2
◦ ◦
78 C; (ix) Red-Al reagent, THF, 0 C; x. (a) Dess-Martin periodinane, CH Cl , r.t.; (b) NaClO2,
2 2
THF,
2
−
-methyl-2-butene, NaH PO , t-BuOH/H O (3:1 in volume), r.t.
2
4
2

Molecules 2017, 22, 2229
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With the diones in hands, the synthesis of the title compounds, i.e., substituted-iso-PhABA (4b
and iso-HetABA analogs (5a 5d ), were performed following an efficient region-selective nucleophilic
addition of alkynyl lithium, which was produced in situ by n-BuLi and (Z)-3-methylpent-2-en-4-yn-1-ol,
to the less-steric 4-carbonyl of intermediates 18b 18d 19a 19d, and 20 (step viii in Scheme 1) [34].
Then, the Red-Al was employed for the trans-selective reduction of alkynol to give enol 21b 21d
2a 22d, and 23 (step ix in Scheme 1). The final products 4b 4d 5a 5d, and were yielded
by a two steps oxidation (step x in Scheme 1), comprising Dess-Martin oxidation to form the
aldehydes and then Lindgren oxidation to give the acids and Furthermore, the alkynol
–4d)
–
, 6
–
,
–
–
,
2
–
–
,
–
6
5
6.
intermediates 18
–
20 were also followed the two steps oxidation to give the acetylenic acid analogs
0
2
4b 24d 25a 25b
–
,
,
,
25d, and 26 (except 2 -n-Pr-iso-PyABA), since they are good materials for the
screening of structural requirement of the trans-double bond of ABA analogs. Meanwhile, the
acetylenic iso-PhABA 24a was synthesized following the similar pathway of 24b 24d, with the
–
0
0
0
0
known intermediate (Z)-(1 -hydroxy-3 ,3 -dimethyl-4 -oxo-tetrahydronaphthalene-one-yl)-3-methyl-
pentyl-2-em-4-yn-1-ol [27].
2
.2. Structure-Activity Relationship
The Arabidopsis, lettuce seed germination and the rice seedling elongation inhibiting tests in vivo
were conducted to gain insights into the bioactivity of these iso-PhABA analogs. The (
and (+)-ABA were used as the control agents. The corresponding data of bioactivities were
summarized in Table 1. For the comparison between the bioactivities of substituted-iso-PhABA
analogs, the overall bioactivity of 4b 4d were very close to those of each other, indicating that the
effects of electron-donating and withdrawing groups, as well as their substituted-positions (7 and 6 )
were not crucial for their bioactivity. However, the bioactivities of all the substituted-iso-PhABA 4b 4d
were worse than those of the control agents 4a and , suggesting that a substituent in the benzene ring
of iso-PhABA had a significant impact on the bioactivity. Furthermore, there were some preferences of
substituted-iso-PhABA to different physiologic process. Compound 4b 4d observed the highest IC50
values for the rice seedlings elongation, which was the lowest values for both the two control agents
±
)-iso-PhABA
4
a
1
–
0
0
–
1
–
4
a and 1, indicating their different preferential nature of bioactivity compared to iso-PhABA.
Table 1. Inhibitory bioactivities of title compounds.
IC50 (µM) a of Bioassays
Compound Name
Arabidopsis Seed
Germination
Lettuce Seed
Germination
Rice Seedlings
Elongation
(
+)-ABA, 1
0.39 ± 0.12
0.48 ± 0.04
2.17 ± 0.52
2.11 ± 0.31
2.81 ± 0.26
0.57 ± 0.10
0.91 ± 0.19
4.48 ± 0.29
0.93 ± 0.06
0.65 ± 0.01
1.99 ± 0.25
3.03 ± 0.28
3.42 ± 0.46
1.83 ± 0.35
9.28 ± 0.62
8.22 ± 0.09
14.02 ± 3.77
2.77 ± 0.15
7.44 ± 0.53
6.50 ± 0.60
8.23 ± 0.44
8.90 ± 0.62
19.69 ± 0.85
5.97 ± 0.63
23.25 ± 5.07
8.08 ± 0.02
0.12 ± 0.02
0.20 ± 0.03
4.71 ± 0.74
5.96 ± 0.36
3.61 ± 0.05
0.68 ± 0.23
1.99 ± 0.27
(
±)-iso-PhABA, 4a
0
6
7
-OMe-iso-PhABA, 4b
0
-OMe-iso-PhABA, 4c
-Br-iso-PhABA, 4d
iso-PyABA, 5a
-Me-iso-PyABA, 5b
-Pr-iso-PyABA, 5c
-Ph-iso-PyABA, 5d
iso-FrABA, 6
0
6
0
2
0
b
2
>10
0
b
b
2
>10
>10
0.56 ± 0.06
0.63 ± 0.14
4.48 ± 0.52
5.75 ± 0.28
4.41 ± 0.23
acetylenic iso-PhABA, 24a
1.38 ± 0.23
0
b
acetylenic 7 -OMe-iso-PhABA, 24b
>10
0
acetylenic 6 -OMe-iso-PhABA, 24c
7.87 ± 0.65
6.51 ± 0.51
7.70 ± 0.18
3.03 ± 0.13
0
b
acetylenic 6 -Br-iso-PhABA, 24d
>10
acetylenic iso-PyABA, 25a
9.80 ± 0.50
0
acetylenic 2 -Me-iso-PyABA, 25b
8.94 ± 0.66
0
b
b
acetylenic 2 -Ph-iso-PyABA, 25d
>10
>10
acetylenic iso-FrABA, 26
3.45 ± 0.50
4.32 ± 0.28
a
b
Required concentrations to inhibit the germinations or seedling elongation by 50%. ‘>10’ means that the
calculated IC50 values are greater than the highest tested concentration, i.e., 10 µM.

Molecules 2017, 22, 2229
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For the bioactivity of the heterocyclic analogs iso-HetABA, the compounds without substituent,
0
0
0
0
i.e., 2 ,3 -iso-pyridoabscisic acid (iso-PyABA) 5a and 2 ,3 -iso-franoabscisic acid (iso-FrABA)
good overall bioactivities, which were close to the control agents 4a and , suggesting the introducing
of heteroatom (N for 5a and O for ) in the aryl ring of iso-PhABA can mostly keep the bioactivity.
To study the effect of the size of the substituted group on the bioactivity, compound 5b 5d were
6, had
1
6
–
designed and synthesized for the bioassays, too. Obviously, the IC50 values of these compounds are
decreasing with the increasing size of the substituted, i.e., –Me 5b to –n-Pr 5c to –Ph 5d. Therefore, this
evidence validated that a big group in the aryl ring is not preferential for the bioactivity.
In order to acquire more analogs for the discussion of structure-activity relationship, the acetylenic
acids 24
,
25, and 26 were also synthesized and tested with three bioassays. As shown in Table 1, their
, and 6,
bioactivities were significantly worse than those of their corresponding alkene acids
4,
5
suggesting the importance of the double-bond for the bioactivity. Besides, by the comparison between
the acetylenic acids, acetylenic iso-PhABA 24a had the best activity for Arabidopsis seed germination
0
(
(
IC50 = 1.38
IC50 = 5.97
µ
M), acetylenic 2 -Me-iso-PyABA 25b had the best activity for lettuce seed germination
µ
M), and acetylenic iso-FrABA 26 had the lowest IC50 value (4.32 µM) for rice seedlings
elongation. Meanwhile, like the substituted-iso-PhABA analogs, there were obvious preferences of
0
some acetylenic acids to different physiological process. For example, acetylenic 7 -OMe-iso-PhABA
2
4b showed a weakest inhibitor on Arabidopsis seed germination (IC > 10
µ
M) in three bioassays;
acetylenic 6 -Br-iso-PhABA 24d, on the other hand, had a lowest bioactivity on rice seedlings elongation
IC50 > 10 M). Hence, these results implied that there might be some difference in ABA signaling
transduction between different acetylenic acids, as well as the acetylenic acids and alkene acids.
50
0
(
µ
3
. Materials and Methods
3
.1. Materials and Instruments
Column chromatography was performed using silica gel (100–200 mesh) (Qindao Haiyang Co.,
Ltd., Qingdao, China). TLC was performed on GF254 silica gel plates (Qingdao Haiyang Co., Ltd.,
Qingdao, China). NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance DPX300 spectrometer (Bruker
Corporation, Vienna, Austria) with TMS as the internal standard. HR-MS data were obtained on a
Thermo FisherScientific LTQ Orbitrap (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany) instrcument.
3
.2. Synthesis
3
.2.1. Synthesis of 9b–9d (Pathway a in Scheme 1, Use 9b as Example)
6-Methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one (8b) [25
,27]: To a stirred solution of
6
-methoxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one 7b (10.0 g, 56.8 mmol) dissolved in dry tetrahydrofuran
(THF, 150 mL) in a 500 mL round bottomed flask was added NaH (11.4 g, 284 mmol, 60% in oil).
After stirring the mixture for 1 h under ice-water bath, methyl iodide (32.3 g, 227 mmol) in dry
THF (50 mL) was added slowly. The mixture was allowed to stir at r.t. for 16 h. The reaction
was quenched by addition of water (slowly and dropwise). The mixture was then extracted
with ethyl acetate (3
×
100 mL), washed with water (2
×
100 mL), and dried over anhydrous
Na SO . Evaporation of the solvent yielded a yellow oil. The residue was subjected to silica gel
2
4
chromatography using petroleum ether (PE) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) (10:1) as eluent to afford
6
-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one 8b (10.4 g, yield 90%) as a yellow oil.
1
H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3)
δ
7.99 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.79 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 6.65 (d, J = 2.5 Hz,
1
2
H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 2.92 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.00–1.85 (m, 2H), 1.19 (s, 6H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3)
δ
00.95, 162.86, 145.36, 129.76, 124.49, 112.84, 111.83, 54.84, 40.78, 36.30, 25.65, 24.06.
1
7
-Methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one 8c (yield 93%) as a yellow oil. H-NMR
(
300 MHz, CDCl ) δ 7.52 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (dd, J = 8.4, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 3.83
3

Molecules 2017, 22, 2229
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(
s, 3H), 2.91 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 1.96 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 1.21 (s, 6H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3)
δ
202.71,
1
58.28, 135.82, 132.10, 129.78, 121.33, 109.77, 55.35, 41.36, 36.76, 30.80, 24.82, 24.28.
1
7
-Br-2,2-dimethyl-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one 8d (yield 86%) as a red oil. H-NMR (300 MHz,
7.99 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 2.78 (t, J = 6.3 Hz,
H), 1.82 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H)„ 1.07 (s, 6H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3)
200.09, 140.92, 134.57, 131.85,
29.54, 129.49, 119.49, 40.32, 35.18, 24.12, 23.11.
CDCl3)
2
1
δ
δ
6
6
-Methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydronaphthalene-1,4-dione (9b) [27
-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one 8b (10.0 g, 49 mmol), peroxy-t-butanol
,28]: To a stirred solution of
(
t-BuOOH, 62.8 g, 490 mmol, 70% aqueous) and Co(acac) (1.26 g, 4.9 mmol) in 150 mL acetone
2
at r.t. for 24 h. The mixture was then extracted with ethyl acetate (3
×
50 mL), washed with
water (2 50 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na SO . Evaporation of the solvent yielded a brown
×
2
4
oil. The residue was subjected to silica gel chromatography using PE and EtOAc (5:1) as eluent to
afford 6-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydronaphthalene-1,4-dione 9b (7.7 g, 72%) as a colorless solid.
1
H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl ) δ 8.04 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (dd, J = 8.7, 2.7 Hz,
3
13
1
1
H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 2.93 (s, 2H), 1.31 (s, 6H). C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3)
29.89, 127.07, 121.61, 108.31, 55.82, 52.21, 45.21, 25.90.
δ
200.14, 196.37, 164.01, 136.94,
1
7
-Methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydronaphthalene-1,4-dione 9c (74%) as a colorless solid. H-NMR
(
(
300 MHz, CDCl ) δ 7.99 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (dd, J = 8.6, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 3.94
3
13
s, 3H), 2.89 (s, 2H), 1.31 (s, 6H). C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3)
δ
201.43, 194.85, 164.42, 135.81, 128.53,
1
28.41, 121.05, 109.85, 55.81, 51.66, 45.60, 30.84, 25.77.
7
-Br-2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydronaphthalene-1,4-dione 9d (69%) as a red solid. 1H-NMR (300 MHz,
13
CDCl3)
δ 8.20 (dd, J = 1.9, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 8.00–7.69 (m, 2H), 2.92 (s, 2H), 1.31 (s, 6H). C-NMR (75 MHz,
CDCl ) δ 199.96, 195.16, 137.01, 134.84, 133.50, 130.59, 129.89, 127.96, 51.77, 45.77, 25.68.
3
3
.2.2. Synthesis of 13a (Pathway b in Scheme 1)
3
5
-Amino-5,5-dimethylcyclohex-2-enone (11) [29]: 5,5-dimethylcyclohexane-1,3-dione 10 (7.0 g,
0 mmol) was added to a mixture of ammonium acetate (3.85 g, 50 mmol) in dry toluene
(100 mL). The mixture was heated for 5 h under reflux using a Dean–Stark water separator.
The red oily layer formed was then separated and recrystallized with ethyl acetate to afford
1
3
-amino-5,5-dimethylcyclohex-2-enone 11 (5.9 g, yield 85%) as a yellow solid. H-NMR (300 MHz,
DMSO-d ) δ 6.67 (s, 2H), 4.90 (s, 1H), 2.11 (s, 2H), 1.90 (s, 2H), 0.96 (s, 6H).
6
7
,7-Dimethyl-7,8-dihydroquinolin-5(6H)-one (12a) [29]: A solution of 1,1,3,3-tetraethoxylpropane
10 mL, 40 mmol), 3-amino-5,5-dimethylcyclohex-2-enone 11 (5.6 g, 40 mmol) and a catalytical amount
of p-toluenesulfonic acid hydrate in DMF (50 mL) was heated under reflux for 18 h (monitored by
TLC). The solvent was distilled in vacuo, the residue neutralized with NaHCO , extracted with EtOAc
(
3
(
3
×
100 mL) and dried (anhydrous Na SO ). Column chromatography using PE and EtOAc (6:1) as
2 4
eluent to afford 7,7-dimethyl-7,8-dihydroquinolin-5(6H)-one 12a (2.1 g, yield 30%) as a yellow solid.
1
H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl ) δ 8.71 (d, J = 4.7 Hz, 1H), 8.25 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (dd, J = 7.8, 4.8 Hz,
H), 3.06 (s, 2H), 2.56 (s, 2H), 1.12 (s, 6H). C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3)
26.90, 121.86, 51.67, 45.94, 32.60, 27.94.
3
13
1
1
δ
197.41, 161.82, 153.36, 134.25,
7
,7-Dimethyl-6,7-dihydroquinoline-5,8-dione (13a): The synthesis of compound 13a was followed the
same method as the synthesis of 9b using intermediate 12a as substrate.
1
7
,7-Dimethyl-6,7-dihydroquinoline-5,8-dione 13a (yield 42%) as a yellow solid. H-NMR (300 MHz,
CDCl )
(
δ
9.08 (dd, J = 4.6, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 8.37 (dd, J = 7.9, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (dd, J = 7.9, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 3.02
3
s, 2H), 1.37 (s, 6H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3)
δ
199.22, 195.03, 155.53, 149.62, 134.68, 131.69, 127.66,
5
1.84, 45.49, 25.53.

Molecules 2017, 22, 2229
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3
.2.3. Synthesis of 13b–13d (Pathway c in Scheme 1, Use 13b as Example)
-(Dimethylamino)but-3-en-2-one (15b) [31]: To a mixture of acetone 14b (5.8 g, 100 mmol), in
4
xylene (200 mL), was added dimethylformamide dimethylacetal (DMF-DMA, 11.9 g, 100 mmol)
and the reaction refluxed for 15 h (monitored by TLC). The xylene was distilled off and the resulting
solid residue was purified by column chromatography using PE and EtOAc (6:1) as eluent to afford
1
4
-(dimethylamino)but-3-en-2-one 15b (4.3 g, 38%) as a yellow oil. H-NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d)
δ 7.48 (d, J = 12.8 Hz, 1H), 5.05 (d, J = 12.8 Hz, 1H), 2.95 (d, J = 55.7 Hz, 6H), 2.09 (s, 3H).
1
-(Dimethylamino)hex-1-en-3-one 15c (25%) as a yellow oil. 1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3)
δ 7.19
(
(
d, J = 12.7 Hz, 1H), 4.72 (d, J = 12.7 Hz, 1H), 2.62 (d, J = 27.6 Hz, 6H), 2.08–1.92 (m, 2H), 1.31
h, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H), 0.61 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H).
1
3
-(Dimethylamino)-1-phenylprop-2-en-1-one 15d (81%) as a yellow solid. H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl )
3
δ
7.90 (dd, J = 7.9, 1.7 Hz, 2H), 7.80 (d, J = 12.4 Hz, 1H), 7.54–7.35 (m, 3H), 5.72 (d, J = 12.4 Hz, 1H), 3.13
(
s, 3H), 2.93 (s, 3H).
,7,7-Trimethyl-7,8-dihydroquinolin-5(6H)-one (12b) [31]: To a mixture of 4-(dimethylamino)but-3-
en-2-one 15b (2.5 g, 22 mmol), 5,5-dimethylcyclohexane-1,3-dione (3.1 g, 22 mmol),ammonium
2
acetate (NH Oac, 3.4 g, 44 mmol) in 50 mL of AcOH refluxed for 15 h (monitored by TLC).
4
The resulting mixture was cooled to r.t., the solution was concentrated on rotary evaporator
and then purified by column chromatography using PE and EtOAc (4:1) as eluent to afford
1
2
,7,7-trimethyl-7,8-dihydroquinolin-5(6H)-one 12b (3.4 g, 81%) as a yellow oil. H-NMR (300 MHz,
CDCl3)
(
δ 8.15 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.00 (s, 2H), 2.60 (s, 3H), 2.52 (s, 2H), 1.11
s, 6H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3)
δ
197.57, 163.46, 161.66, 134.66, 124.71, 121.77, 51.84, 46.26, 32.79,
2
8.13, 24.80.
1
7
,7-Dimethyl-2-propyl-7,8-dihydroquinolin-5(6H)-one 12c (63%) as a yellow oil. H-NMR (300 MHz,
CDCl3) δ 7.79 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.78 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 2.66 (s, 2H), 2.52–2.37 (m, 2H), 2.16 (s, 2H),
13
1
1
.43 (h, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H), 0.75 (s, 6H), 0.63 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H). C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3)
61.07, 133.91, 124.30, 120.52, 51.29, 45.89, 40.12, 32.19, 27.63, 22.17, 13.25.
δ 196.59, 166.65,
1
7
,7-Dimethyl-2-phenyl-7,8-dihydroquinolin-5(6H)-one 12d (92%) as a yellow solid. H-NMR (300 MHz,
CDCl3) 8.31 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.7 Hz, 2H), 7.71 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.51–7.47 (m, 3H),
.11 (s, 2H), 2.57 (s, 2H), 1.14 (s, 6H).
δ
3
2
,7,7-Trimethyl-6,7-dihydroquinoline-5,8-dione (13b): The synthesis of compound 13b–13d was
followed the same method as the synthesis of 9b using intermediate 12b–12d as substrate.
1
2
,7,7-Trimethyl-6,7-dihydroquinoline-5,8-dione 13b (yield 57%) as a yellow solid. H-NMR (300 MHz,
13
CDCl3) δ 8.24 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 2.99 (s, 2H), 2.77 (s, 3H), 1.36 (s, 6H). C-NMR
(
75 MHz, CDCl ) δ 199.54, 194.92, 165.77, 149.03, 134.68, 129.39, 127.65, 51.64, 45.37, 25.45, 25.21.
3
7
,7-Dimethyl-2-propyl-6,7-dihydroquinoline-5,8-dione 13c (yield 61%) as a yellow oil. 1H-NMR
8.04 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 2.90–2.67 (m, 4H), 1.62 (h, J = 7.4 Hz,
(
300 MHz, CDCl3)
H), 1.15 (s, 6H), 0.79 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 3H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3)
δ
2
δ
199.01, 194.49, 169.05, 148.73,
1
34.24, 129.20, 126.56, 51.24, 44.93, 40.34, 25.06, 22.37, 13.34.
1
7
,7-Dimethyl-2-phenyl-6,7-dihydroquinoline-5,8-dione 13d (yield 51%) as a yellow solid. H-NMR
(
1
1
300 MHz, CDCl )
δ
8.40 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 8.22–8.15 (m, 2H), 8.08 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (dd, J = 5.1,
.9 Hz, 3H), 3.02 (s, 2H), 1.39 (s, 6H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3)
199.27, 194.78, 162.64, 149.54, 137.25,
35.39, 130.57, 129.81, 129.76, 128.82, 128.41, 127.62, 123.89, 51.71, 45.43, 25.40.
3
δ

Molecules 2017, 22, 2229
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3
.2.4. Synthesis of 17 (Pathway d in Scheme 1)
6
5
,6-Dimethyl-6,7-dihydrobenzofuran-4(5H)-one (16) [32
,5-dimethylcyclohexane-1,3-dione 10 (14 g, 100 mmol) in water (100 mL) was added dropwise
,
33]: To a stirred ice-cooled suspension of
a solution of KOH (7 g, 125 mmol) in water (100 mL). Then, KI (0.3 g, 20 mmol) was added to
the resulting clear solution followed by the dropwise addition of 40% aqueous chloroacetaldehyde
(
ClCH CHO, 20 mL) over 25 min. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to reflux and stir
2
overnight. The reaction was quenched by the dropwise addition of 2 M HCl until acid to pH paper.
The solution was extracted by EtOAc (3 100 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (anhydrous
Na SO ), concentrated, and vacuum distilled to afford 6,6-dimethyl-6,7-dihydrobenzofuran-4(5H)-one
×
2
4
1
1
1
1
6 (12.5 g, 76%) as a yellow oil. H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl ) δ 7.25 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.57 (d, J = 2.0 Hz,
3
H), 2.66 (s, 2H), 2.29 (s, 2H), 1.05 (s, 6H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3)
06.07, 51.86, 37.13, 35.03, 28.31.
δ
193.53, 166.03, 142.70, 119.66,
6,6-Dimethyl-5,6-dihydrobenzofuran-4,7-dione (17): The synthesis of compound 17 was followed the
same method as the synthesis of 9b using intermediate 16 as substrate.
1
6
,6-Dimethyl-5,6-dihydrobenzofuran-4,7-dione 17 (yield 52%) as a white solid. H-NMR (300 MHz,
13
CDCl3)
δ 7.72 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H), 6.80 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H), 2.90 (s, 2H), 1.35 (s, 6H). C-NMR (75 MHz,
CDCl ) δ 192.11, 190.88, 153.06, 148.64, 132.08, 107.55, 53.99, 46.59, 26.23.
3
3
.2.5. General Procedure for the Preparation of Intermediate 18b–18d, 19a–19d and 20 (Use 18b
as Example) [34]
To a stirred solution of (Z)-3-methylpent-2-en-4-yn-1-ol (0.88 g, 9.2 mmol) in dry THF (20 mL)
◦
was cooled to
−
78 C under an atmosphere of argon. n-Butyl lithium (7.7 mL, 18.4 mmol, 2.4 M
◦
in hexane) was then added slowly, via syringe. The mixture was allowed to stir at
after which, 6-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydronaphthalene-1,4-dione 9b (2 g, 9.2 mmol), dissolved
in dry THF (10 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred for a further 1 h at
cold bath was removed. The reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for a further 16 h. The reaction
was quenched by addition of a saturated aqueous solution of NH Cl. The mixture was stirred for
−
78 C for 1 h,
◦
−
78 C, and then the
4
1
0 min and extracted with ethyl acetate (3
×
50 mL), washed with water (2
×
30 mL) and dried
over anhydrous Na SO . Evaporation of the solvent yielded the desired alcohol as a yellowish
2
4
oil. The residue was subjected to silica gel chromatography using PE and EtOAc (4:1) as eluent
0
0
0
0
0
to afford (Z)-(1 -hydroxy-3 ,3 -dimethyl-4 -oxo-7 -methoxy-tetrahydronaphthalene-one-yl)-3-methyl-
1
pentyl-2-em-4-yn-1-ol 18b (2.37 g, 82%) as a yellow oil. H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl )
δ
7.80 (d, J = 8.6 Hz,
3
1H), 7.46 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (dd, J = 8.6, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 5.88 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 4.27 (d, J = 6.7 Hz,
2
1
1
H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 2.92 (d, J = 16.9 Hz, 1H), 2.73 (s, 1H), 2.58 (d, J = 17.4 Hz, 1H), 1.89 (s, 3H), 1.21 (s, 3H),
.13 (s, 3H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3)
197.49, 159.63, 136.82, 136.36, 131.11, 129.04, 121.66, 120.16,
09.42, 94.54, 85.58, 74.29, 61.03, 55.54, 48.38, 41.60, 25.02, 23.31, 23.02.
δ
0
0
0
0
0
(
Z)-(1 -Hydroxy-3 ,3 -dimethyl-4 -oxo-6 -methoxy-tetrahydronaphthalene-one-yl)-3-methyl-pentyl-2-
1
em-4-yn-1-ol 18c (75%) as a yellow oil. H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl )
δ
7.96 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.39
3
(
3
d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 5.89 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.27 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.87 (s, 3H),
13
.01–2.41 (m, 3H), 1.88 (s, 3H), 1.16 (s, 6H). C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3)
δ
196.35, 164.42, 147.09, 136.57,
1
29.46, 123.57, 120.04, 114.19, 111.84, 94.29, 85.76, 74.60, 60.98, 55.52, 48.48, 41.51, 30.86, 24.94, 22.97.
0
0
0
0
0
(
Z)-(1 -Hydroxy-3 ,3 -dimethyl-4 -oxo-6 -Br-tetrahydronaphthalene-one-yl)-3-methyl-pentyl-2-em-4-
1
yn-1-ol 18d (70%) as a yellow oil. H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3)
δ 8.06 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.85
(
4
d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (dd, J = 8.3, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 5.92 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.27 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H),
.03 (s, 1H), 2.85 (d, J = 18.7 Hz, 1H), 2.64 (d, J = 23.1 Hz, 2H), 1.89 (s, 3H), 1.17 (s, 6H). 13C-NMR
196.68, 146.17, 136.66, 131.84, 130.46, 129.55, 128.80, 128.58, 120.18, 93.72, 86.38,
4.11, 60.94, 48.57, 41.62, 24.92, 22.95.
(75 MHz, CDCl3) δ
7

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0
0
0
0
(
(
Z)-(5 -Hydroxy-7 ,7 -dimethyl-8 -oxo-tetrahydroquinolin-one-yl)-3-methyl-pentyl-2-em-4-yn-1-ol 19a
1
yield 79%) as a yellow oil. H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl )
δ 8.77 (dd, J = 4.8, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 8.30 (dd, J = 7.8,
3
1
3
.8 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (dd, J = 7.8, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 5.85 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 5.48 (s, 1H), 4.14 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H),
.00 (d, J = 17.4 Hz, 2H), 2.68 (d, J = 17.4 Hz, 1H), 1.79 (s, 3H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.02 (s, 3H). 13C-NMR (75
196.02, 161.46, 153.11, 136.96, 135.23, 124.98, 123.67, 119.37, 93.94, 85.72, 73.93, 60.68,
0.01, 40.70, 24.67, 22.63, 21.14.
MHz, CDCl3)
5
δ
0
0
0
0
0
(
1
Z)-(5 -Hydroxy-2 ,7 ,7 -trimethyl-8 -oxo-tetrahydroquinolin-one-yl)-3-methyl-pentyl-2-em-4-yn-1-ol
1
9b (yield 85%) as a yellow oil. H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3)
δ
8.17 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.28
(
d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.84 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 5.35 (s, 1H), 4.16 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.00 (d, J = 17.5 Hz, 1H),
2
δ
2
.66 (s, 3H), 2.59 (d, J = 17.5 Hz, 2H), 1.80 (s, 3H), 1.40 (s, 3H), 0.97 (s, 3H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3)
195.87, 163.50, 160.80, 136.79, 135.44, 123.43, 122.57, 119.43, 94.30, 85.23, 73.63, 60.86, 50.24, 40.79,
4.67, 24.66, 22.68, 20.93.
0
0
0
0
0
(
4
Z)-(5 -Hydroxy-7 ,7 -dimethyl-2 -propyl-8 -oxo-tetrahydroquinolin-one-yl)-3-methyl-pentyl-2-em-
1
-yn-1-ol 19c (yield 73%) as a yellow oil. H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl )
δ
8.10 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.19
3
(d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 5.75 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 1H), 5.31 (s, 1H), 4.09 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.93 (d, J = 17.4 Hz, 1H),
2
.80 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H), 2.50 (d, J = 17.5 Hz, 1H), 1.81–1.65 (m, 5H), 1.32 (s, 3H), 0.92–0.86 (m, 6H).
1
3
C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3)
δ 195.60, 166.92, 160.52, 136.72, 135.12, 122.56, 122.38, 118.79, 94.04, 84.93,
7
3.34, 60.55, 50.03, 40.45, 39.82, 24.42, 22.39, 21.98, 20.59, 13.30.
0 0 0 0 0
Z)-(5 -Hydroxy-7 ,7 -dimethyl-2 -phenyl-8 -oxo-tetrahydroquinolin-one-yl)-3-methyl-pentyl-2-em-
(
4
8
-yn-1-ol 19d (yield 79%) as a yellow oil. 1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3)
.20–8.02 (m, 2H), 7.87 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (qd, J = 4.6, 1.6 Hz, 3H), 5.82 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 5.34
δ 8.35 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H),
(
(
1
s, 1H), 4.17 (s, 2H), 3.08 (d, J = 17.7 Hz, 1H), 2.62 (d, J = 17.6 Hz, 1H), 1.80 (s, 3H), 1.45 (s, 3H), 1.00
s, 3H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3)
195.74, 161.32, 160.49, 137.29, 136.59, 136.36, 130.62, 128.99, 127.50,
23.46, 120.24, 119.88, 94.60, 85.30, 73.89, 61.28, 50.61, 40.97, 24.81, 22.87, 21.00.
δ
0
0
0
0
(
2
Z)-(4 -Hydroxy-6 ,6 -dimethyl-7 -oxo-tetrahydrobenzofuran-one-yl)-3-methyl-pentyl-2-em-4-yn-1-ol
1
0
(yield 90%) as a yellow oil. H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl )
δ
7.42 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (d, J = 2.0 Hz,
3
1
1
1
H), 5.95 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.31 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H), 2.80 (d, J = 16.4 Hz, 1H), 2.45 (d, J = 16.5 Hz, 1H),
13
.88 (s, 3H), 1.21 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 6H). C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3)
δ 193.65, 163.80, 143.91, 137.11, 119.66,
19.21, 106.44, 90.38, 85.67, 70.16, 60.77, 49.40, 43.91, 24.79, 22.67, 22.55.
3
.2.6. General Procedure for the Preparation of Intermediate 21b−21d, 22a−22d and 23 (Use 21b
as Example)
0
0
0
0
0
To a stirred solution of (Z)-(1 -hydroxy-3 ,3 -dimethyl-4 -oxo-7 -methoxy-tetrahydronaphthalene-
◦
one-yl)-3-methyl-pentyl-2-em-4-yn-1-ol 18b (1 g, 3.2 mmol) in dry THF (20 mL) was cooled to 0 C
and Red-Al reagent (2.9 mL, 9.6 mmol, 3.3 M in toluene) added dropwise via syringe. After 4 h
stirring at r.t., the reaction was quenched by slow addition of saturate brine (10 mL) and extracted
with diethyl ether (3
×
30 mL). The organic phase was washed with water (2
×
20 mL) and dried
over anhydrous Na SO and filtered, filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue
2
4
was subjected to silica gel chromatography using CH Cl and methanol (25:1) as eluent to afford
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
(
(
(
(
6
1
1E,3Z)-(1 ,4 -dihydroxy-3 ,3 -dimethyl-7 -methoxy-tetraloneyl)-3-methyl-pentyl-2-ene-4-yn-1-ol 21b
0.57 g, 56%) as a white solid. H-NMR (300 MHz, MeOD)
1
δ 7.32 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.06
d, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 6.81 (dd, J = 8.7, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 6.31 (d, J = 15.6 Hz, 1H), 6.05 (d, J = 15.7 Hz, 1H), 5.44
t, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H), 4.76 (dd, J = 9.9, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 1.91 (dd, J = 13.3,
.7 Hz, 1H), 1.82 (d, J = 13.3 Hz, 4H), 0.99 (d, J = 5.8 Hz, 6H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, MeOD)
δ
160.23,
41.14, 138.07, 134.97, 134.39, 130.26, 129.55, 126.56, 115.18, 111.87, 79.59, 67.32, 58.48, 55.63, 44.95, 39.99,
5.70, 23.24, 20.82.
2

Molecules 2017, 22, 2229
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0
0
0
0
0
(
(
1E,3Z)-(1 ,4 -Dihydroxy-3 ,3 -dimethyl-6 -methoxy-tetraloneyl)-3-methyl-pentyl-2-ene-4-yn-1-ol 21c
1
49%) as a white solid. H-NMR (300 MHz, MeOD)
δ
7.42 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H),
6
.83 (dd, J = 8.6, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 6.37 (d, J = 15.7 Hz, 1H), 6.06 (d, J = 15.5 Hz, 1H), 5.46 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H),
.75 (dd, J = 9.7, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 4.10 (dd, J = 6.5, 2.8 Hz, 2H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 1.91 (dd, J = 13.4, 6.9 Hz, 1H),
160.48, 143.82, 137.72, 134.99,
32.00, 129.69, 129.51, 126.76, 114.75, 112.80, 79.89, 67.00, 58.47, 55.61, 45.06, 40.26, 25.65, 23.10, 20.79.
4
1
1
.87–1.72 (m, 4H), 0.99 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 6H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, MeOD)
δ
0
0
0
0
0
(
1E,3Z)-(1 ,4 -Dihydroxy-3 ,3 -dimethyl-6 -Br-tetraloneyl)-3-methyl-pentyl-2-ene-4-yn-1-ol 21d (45%)
1
as a yellow oil. H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl )
δ
7.59–7.50 (m, 1H), 7.50–7.39 (m, 1H), 7.36–7.26 (m, 2H),
3
6
(
(
.29 (d, J = 15.7 Hz, 1H), 6.03 (d, J = 15.7 Hz, 1H), 5.51 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.95–4.77 (m, 1H), 4.06
d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 2.17 (s, 2H), 2.03 (q, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 1.81 (s, 3H), 1.01 (d, J = 15.2 Hz, 6H). 13C-NMR
75 MHz, CDCl3) 140.59, 138.16, 135.73, 135.22, 128.17, 128.03, 127.62, 127.31, 127.24, 126.71, 78.87,
6.64, 57.97, 43.85, 39.11, 25.05, 22.51, 20.48.
δ
6
0
0
0
0
1
(
(
1E,3Z)-(5 ,8 -Dihydroxy-7 ,7 -dimethyl-tetrahyroquinolinyl)-3-methyl-pentyl-2-ene-4-yn-1-ol 22a
yield 12%) as a white solid. H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl )
δ
8.54–8.45 (m, 1H), 7.95 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.4 Hz,
3
1
2
H), 7.33–7.23 (m, 1H), 6.06 (m, 2H), 5.51 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 4.99–4.67 (m, 1H), 4.02 (dd, J = 7.2, 3.9 Hz,
13
H), 3.00 (d, J = 16.9 Hz, 1H), 2.65 (d, J = 17.5 Hz, 1H), 1.80 (s, 3H), 1.10 (s, 3H), 0.97 (s, 3H). C-NMR
157.52, 152.85, 148.02, 135.90, 135.14, 132.74, 127.71, 126.82, 122.41, 78.03, 65.54,
7.50, 43.22, 38.94, 24.60, 21.88, 20.01.
(75 MHz, CDCl3) δ
5
0
0
0
0
0
(
(
1E,3Z)-(5 ,8 -Dihydroxy-2 ,7 ,7 -trimethyl-tetrahyroquinolin-yl)-3-methyl-pentyl-2-ene-4-yn-1-ol 22b
1
yield 43%) as a yellow oil. H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl )
δ
7.77 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (d, J = 7.9 Hz,
3
1
H), 6.45 (d, J = 15.6 Hz, 1H), 5.87 (d, J = 15.6 Hz, 1H), 5.51 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 4.86 (dd, J = 6.9, 3.2 Hz,
H), 4.18 (dd, J = 6.6, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.20 (dd, J = 14.9, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 1.88–1.82 (m, 1H), 1.79
157.03, 156.50, 136.95, 134.22, 134.16,
28.87, 128.01, 125.70, 122.30, 77.53, 64.78, 57.87, 50.20, 42.65, 36.27, 24.22, 23.74, 20.32.
1
(
s, 3H), 1.02 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 6H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3)
δ
1
0
0
0
0
0
(
1
1E,3Z)-(5 ,8 -Dihydroxy-7 ,7 -dimethyl-2 -propyl-tetrahyroquinolin-yl)-3-methyl-pentyl-2-ene-4-yn-
1
-ol 22c (yield 26%) as a yellow oil. H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3)
δ
7.82 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.10
(
(
0
d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.15–5.91 (m, 2H), 5.51 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 4.89 (s, 1H), 4.86–4.75 (m, 1H), 4.01
d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 2.77–2.72 (m, 2H), 2.03–1.84 (m, 2H), 1.81 (s, 3H), 1.77–1.69 (m, 2H), 1.11 (s, 3H),
.94 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 6H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3)
δ
160.78, 156.37, 136.29, 135.98, 135.36, 129.53,
1
27.44, 126.81, 121.49, 77.78, 65.59, 57.52, 43.41, 39.39, 39.04, 24.60, 22.35, 21.85, 20.09, 13.38.
0
0
0
0
0
(
1
1E,3Z)-(5 ,8 -Dihydroxy-7 ,7 -dimethyl-2 -phenyl-tetrahyroquinolin-yl)-3-methyl-pentyl-2-ene-4-yn-
-ol 22d (yield 65%) as a yellow oil. 1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3)
7.98 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 3H), 7.69
δ
(
d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (m, 3H), 6.08 (s, 2H), 5.48 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (s, 1H), 4.90–4.77 (m, 1H), 3.99
dd, J = 6.9, 3.6 Hz, 2H), 2.29 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 1.97 (m, 3H), 1.79 (s, 3H), 1.13 (s, 3H), 0.99 (s, 3H).
(
1
3
C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3)
δ 160.43, 157.42, 155.70, 138.38, 137.04, 136.46, 135.70, 131.33, 129.21, 128.68,
1
27.80, 127.31, 126.80, 125.06, 119.37, 78.31, 65.87, 57.89, 43.64, 39.48, 24.88, 22.22, 20.34.
0
0
0
0
(
(
1E,3Z)-(4 ,7 -Dihydroxy-6 ,6 -dimethyl-tetrahyrobenzofuran-yl)-3-methyl-pentyl-2-ene-4-yn-1-ol 23
1
yield 39%) as a yellow oil. H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl )
δ
7.35 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H), 6.47 (d, J = 1.9 Hz,
3
1
H), 6.30 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H), 5.91 (d, J = 15.7 Hz, 1H), 5.57 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.74 (dd, J = 8.3, 5.8 Hz,
H), 4.12 (qd, J = 12.6, 6.9 Hz, 2H), 2.53 (s, 1H), 1.95 (dd, J = 13.5, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 1.85 (s, 3H), 1.76–1.55
151.59, 143.03, 134.79, 132.52, 128.70,
27.27, 121.86, 108.80, 76.08, 63.34, 57.96, 45.40, 41.37, 24.29, 22.29, 20.46.
1
(
m, 2H), 1.03 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 6H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3)
δ
1
3
.2.7. General Procedure for the Preparation of Title Compounds 4b–4d, 5a–5d, 6, 24a–24d, 25a, 25b,
5d and 26 (Use 4b as Example)
2
0
0
0
0
0
To a stirred solution of (1E,3Z)-(1 ,4 -dihydroxy-3 ,3 -dimethyl-7 -methoxy-tetraloneyl)-3-methyl-
pentyl-2-ene-4-yn-1-ol 21b (0.5 g, 1.57 mmol), Dess-Martin periodinane (DMP, 1.32 g, 3.14 mmol)
in 30 mL CH Cl at r.t. for 2 h. After added 5 mL aqueous Na S O solution and 10 mL aqueous
2
2
2
2
3

Molecules 2017, 22, 2229
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NaHCO solution, the resulting mixture, which was stirred for 20 min, was extracted repeatedly with
3
CH Cl (3
×
30 mL). The collected organic extracts were washed with saturate aqueous brine solution,
2
2
dried, and then concentrated. The crude aldehyde was dissolved in 20 mL solvent (t-BuOH:H O = 3:1
2
in volume), stirred with 2-methyl-2-butene (2.2 g, 31.4 mmol, 90%), NaClO (1.67 g, 15.7 mmol,
2
8
5%) and NaH PO4 2H O (0.97 g, 6.28 mmol) at r.t. for 30 min. Extracted repeatedly with EtOAc
·
2
2
(
3
×
30 mL). The collected organic extracts were washed with saturate aqueous brine solution, dried,
and concentrated under reduced pressure afford crude product. The residue was subjected to silica gel
chromatography using CH Cl and methanol (20:1) as eluent to afford 7 -OMe-iso-PhABA 4b (0.42
0
2
2
1
g, yield 81% over two steps) as a white solid. H-NMR (300 MHz, MeOD)
δ
7.65 (d, J = 16.4 Hz, 1H),
.50 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (dd, J = 8.7, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 6.48 (d, J = 16.0 Hz, 1H),
.71 (s, 1H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 2.72 (d, J = 16.8 Hz, 1H), 2.59 (d, J = 17.5 Hz, 1H), 2.04 (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 3H), 1.08
199.70, 169.46, 160.69, 151.21, 140.82, 140.37, 133.46,
7
5
(
s, 3H), 1.04 (s, 3H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, MeOD)
δ
1
30.84, 129.57, 122.49, 119.23, 109.90, 78.80, 55.92, 50.91, 42.38, 24.68, 23.95, 21.31. HR-MS (ESI) calcd.
+
for C H O (M + NH ) 348.18055, measured 348.18057.
19
22
5
4
0
1
6
-OMe-iso-PhABA 4c (yield 83% over two steps) as a white solid. H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl ) δ 8.00
3
(
(
(
d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 6.88 (dd, J = 8.7, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 6.41
d, J = 16.0 Hz, 1H), 5.72 (s, 1H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 2.70 (d, J = 16.2 Hz, 1H), 2.56 (d, J = 17.3 Hz, 1H), 2.02
s, 3H), 1.08 (d, J = 11.6 Hz, 6H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3)
δ
196.35, 170.87, 164.62, 151.87, 148.60,
1
39.22, 129.38, 128.33, 124.51, 117.74, 113.90, 111.79, 78.48, 55.51, 49.61, 41.12, 24.25, 23.38, 21.40. HR-MS
+
(ESI) calcd. for C H O (M + H) 331.15400, measured 331.15402.
19 22 5
0
1
6
-Br-iso-PhABA 4d (yield 72% over two steps) as a yellow oil. H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl ) δ 8.05
3
(
(
(
d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (dt, J = 13.5, 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.50–7.36 (m, 1H), 6.94 (d, J = 15.3 Hz, 1H), 6.14
d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H), 5.98 (s, 1H), 2.83 (d, J = 17.8 Hz, 1H), 2.60 (d, J = 16.9 Hz, 1H), 2.04 (s, 1H), 1.87
s, 3H), 1.08 (d, J = 4.4 Hz, 6H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3)
δ197.21, 169.75, 145.90, 134.47, 134.44,
1
33.14, 130.98, 128.18, 127.13, 126.72, 126.35, 116.39, 78.21, 49.79, 40.93, 24.33, 23.40, 18.25. HR-MS (ESI)
+
calcd. for C H BrO (M + H) 396.08050, measured 396.08035.
18
19
4
iso-PyABA 5a (yield 78% over two steps) as colorless oil. 1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3)
δ
8.73
(dd, J = 4.8, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 8.39 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (d, J = 15.6 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (dd, J = 7.8,
4
(
.9 Hz, 1H), 6.39 (d, J = 16.0 Hz, 1H), 5.70 (s, 1H), 2.87 (d, J = 18.7 Hz, 1H), 2.66 (d, J = 17.3 Hz, 1H), 2.01
196.24, 169.30, 163.28, 152.65, 150.54,
s, 3H), 1.15 (s, 3H), 1.11 (s, 3H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3)
δ
1
37.97, 135.20, 128.66, 126.25, 123.29, 117.66, 77.94, 49.44, 39.98, 23.92, 22.94, 20.68. HR-MS (ESI) calcd.
+
for C H NO (M + H) 302.1387, measured 302.1387.
17
19
4
0
1
2
-Me-iso-PyABA 5b (yield 71% over two steps) as a yellow oil. H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl )
δ
8.23
3
(
(
d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.38 (d, J = 16.1 Hz, 1H), 5.68
13
s, 1H), 2.68 (s, 2H), 2.63 (s, 3H), 1.99 (s, 3H), 1.16 (s, 3H), 1.05 (s, 3H). C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3)
δ
1
2
96.04, 169.66, 163.45, 162.46, 150.81, 138.72, 135.02, 128.48, 123.65, 123.04, 117.58, 77.62, 49.54, 39.99,
+
4.26, 23.78, 22.85, 20.71. HR-MS (ESI) calcd. for C H NO (M + H) 316.1543, measured 316.1545.
18
21
4
0
1
2
-Pr-iso-PyABA 5c (yield 87% over two steps) as a yellow oil. H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl ) δ 8.24
3
(
2
(
d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J = 15.6 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 6.39 (d, J = 16.1 Hz, 1H), 5.68 (s, 1H),
.90–2.80 (m, 2H), 2.77–2.56 (m, 2H), 1.99 (s, 3H), 1.83–1.72 (m, 2H), 1.20 (s, 3H), 1.04 (s, 3H), 0.95
d, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3)
196.03, 169.79, 167.22, 162.25, 151.00, 139.08, 134.89,
δ
1
28.34, 123.72, 122.34, 117.47, 77.59, 49.67, 39.97, 39.86, 23.77, 22.83, 22.15, 20.75, 13.37. HR-MS (ESI)
+
calcd. for C H NO (M + H) 344.1856, measured 316.1854.
20
25
4
0
1
2
(
1
2
-Ph-iso-PyABA 5d (yield 80% over two steps) as a yellow solid. H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl )
δ
9.06
s, 1H), 8.40 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 8.08 (dd, J = 7.6, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 7.88 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (d, J = 15.8 Hz
H), 7.53–7.40 (m, 3H), 6.44 (d, J = 16.1 Hz, 1H), 5.67 (s, 1H), 5.13 (s, 1H), 2.82 (d, J = 18.2 Hz, 1H),
.60 (d, J = 18.0 Hz, 1H), 1.99 (s, 3H), 1.26 (s, 3H), 1.08 (s, 3H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3)
196.03,
70.91, 162.86, 160.65, 151.65, 139.57, 137.36, 135.89, 130.39, 128.82, 128.76, 127.50, 124.52, 119.91,
3
,
δ
1

Molecules 2017, 22, 2229
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+
1
17.83, 78.17, 50.06, 40.28, 24.03, 23.22, 21.09. HR-MS (ESI) calcd. for C H NO (M + H) 378.17000,
23 23 4
measured 378.16980.
iso-FrABA
d, J = 16.4 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (s, 1H), 6.67 (s, 1H), 6.32 (d, J = 16.1 Hz, 1H), 5.75 (s, 1H), 3.34 (s, 1H), 2.62 (d,
6 δ 7.68
(yield 86% over two steps) as a yellow solid. 1H-NMR (300 MHz, MeOD)
(
13
J = 17.3 Hz, 1H), 2.44 (d, J = 15.9 Hz, 1H), 2.04 (s, 3H), 1.07 (d, J = 11.6 Hz, 6H). C-NMR (75 MHz,
MeOD)
δ
196.03, 168.17, 150.56, 145.84, 137.65, 136.47, 130.40, 121.68, 119.99, 106.84, 76.32, 51.84, 45.09,
+
2
4.18, 23.28, 21.11. HR-MS (ESI) calcd. for C H O (M + Na) 313.1046, measured 313.1048.
16
18
5
1
Acetylenic iso-PhABA 24a (yield 84% over two steps) as a yellow oil. H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl )
δ
3
7
2
.98 (d, J = 7.74 Hz, 2H), 7.60 (t, J = 7.50 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (t, J = 7.44 Hz, 1H), 6.05 (s, 1H), 2.77 (m, 2H),
.10 (s, 3H), 1.17 (s, 6H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3)
δ
197.5, 169.2, 143.7, 136.5, 134.3, 130.0, 128.6,
+
1
27.5, 126.8, 124.4, 101.8, 86.1, 74.7, 48.07, 41.5, 25.1, 24.8. HR-MS (ESI) calcd. for C H O (M + Na)
18 18 4
3
21.1097, measured 321.1096.
0
1
Acetylenic 7 -OMe-iso-PhABA 24b (yield 71% over two steps) as a yellow solid. H-NMR (300 MHz,
CDCl3)
δ
7.65 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (d, J = 2.9 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (dd, J = 8.7, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 6.09 (d, J = 1.5 Hz
H), 4.67 (s, 1H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 2.90 (d, J = 18.1 Hz, 1H), 2.60 (d, J = 17.5 Hz, 1H), 2.44 (s, 3H), 1.23 (s, 3H),
.10 (s, 3H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3)
196.65, 165.16, 159.67, 156.72, 146.97, 136.16, 133.76, 129.19,
,
1
1
1
δ
25.58, 121.79, 118.97, 108.31, 83.52, 55.54, 49.81, 43.32, 25.19, 24.72, 18.37. HR-MS (ESI) calcd. for
+
C H O (M + H) 329.13835, measured 329.13821.
19
20
5
0
1
Acetylenic 6 -OMe-iso-PhABA 24c (yield 85% over two steps) as a yellow solid. H-NMR (300 MHz,
CDCl3) 7.95 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (s, 1H), 6.87 (dd, J = 8.7, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.05 (s, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 2.82
(
δ
13
d, J = 24.2 Hz, 4H), 2.07 (s, 3H), 1.17 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 6H). C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 196.15, 164.44,
1
2
46.40, 129.49, 124.76, 124.70, 123.71, 114.57, 111.89, 111.83, 101.62, 86.20, 74.83, 55.61, 48.52, 41.64, 29.68,
+
5.12, 24.84. HR-MS (ESI) calcd. for C H O (M + H) 329.13835, measured 329.13828.
19
20
5
0
1
Acetylenic 6 -Br-iso-PhABA 24d (yield 79% over two steps) as a yellow oil. H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl )
3
δ
8.13 (s, 1H), 7.84 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (dd, J = 8.3, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 6.05 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 2.79 (s, 2H),
13
2
.08 (s, 3H), 1.17 (d, J = 17.4 Hz, 6H). C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 195.72, 168.33, 144.62, 135.17, 130.93,
1
29.60, 128.65, 127.87, 127.63, 123.85, 99.99, 85.67, 73.33, 47.61, 40.80, 24.13, 23.75, 21.66. HR-MS (ESI)
+
calcd. for C H BrO (M + H) 394.06485, measured 394.06485.
18
17
4
1
Acetylenic iso-PyABA 25a (yield 77% over two steps) as a yellow oil. H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl )
δ
3
8
.74 (dd, J = 4.8, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 8.32 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (dd, J = 7.8, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 5.84 (s, 1H),
.60 (s, 1H), 5.07 (s, 1H), 2.73 (d, J = 17.4 Hz, 1H), 2.63 (d, J = 17.1 Hz, 1H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 1.28 (s, 3H), 1.05
5
(
s, 3H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3)
δ
195.96, 167.91, 162.11, 155.35, 153.02, 149.76, 134.68, 126.88, 123.78,
+
116.39, 113.15, 77.20, 49.64, 41.50, 24.31, 22.68, 11.95. HR-MS (ESI) calcd. for C H NO (M + H)
17 17 4
3
00.1230, measured 300.1230.
Acetylenic 2 -Me-iso-PyABA 25b (yield 90% over two steps) as a yellow oil. 1H-NMR (300 MHz,
CDCl3) 8.20 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 3H), 5.84 (s, 1H), 5.57 (s, 1H), 5.24 (s, 1H), 2.71
d, J = 16.9 Hz, 1H), 2.62 (s, 3H), 2.56 (d, J = 17.5 Hz, 1H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 1.28 (s, 3H), 1.03 (s, 3H). 13C-NMR
0
δ
(
(
7
75 MHz, CDCl3)
δ
195.83, 168.11, 163.25, 161.47, 155.39, 149.63, 134.89, 124.46, 123.47, 116.33, 113.37,
+
6.91, 49.68, 41.47, 24.81, 24.31, 22.58, 11.93. HR-MS (ESI) calcd. for C H NO (M + H) 314.13868,
18
19
4
measured 314.13858.
0
1
Acetylenic 2 -Ph-iso-PyABA 25d (yield 75% over two steps) as a yellow oil. H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl )
3
δ
8.35 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 8.11 (dd, J = 7.4, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 7.85 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.63–7.40 (m, 3H), 5.97
s, 1H), 5.59 (s, 1H), 3.38 (d, J = 17.6 Hz, 1H), 2.59 (d, J = 17.7 Hz, 1H), 2.01 (s, 3H), 1.47 (s, 3H), 0.99
s, 3H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3)
195.97, 168.91, 160.65, 160.24, 137.27, 136.37, 136.16, 130.41, 128.83,
27.44, 124.34, 123.67, 120.23, 101.71, 85.06, 74.04, 50.09, 41.24, 25.03, 24.50, 20.99. HR-MS (ESI) calcd.
(
(
1
δ
+
for C H NO (M + H) 376.15433, measured 376.15414.
23
21
4

Molecules 2017, 22, 2229
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1
Acetylenic iso-FrABA 26 (yield 89% over two steps) as a yellow oil. H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl )
δ
3
7
(
.46 (d, J = 1.7 Hz, 1H), 6.67 (d, J = 1.7 Hz, 1H), 6.10 (s, 1H), 5.78 (s, 2H), 2.75 (d, J = 16.9 Hz, 1H), 2.58
d, J = 16.5 Hz, 1H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 1.23 (d, J = 6.1 Hz, 6H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3)
δ
193.42, 163.13,
1
44.19, 141.58, 132.98, 127.89, 119.68, 106.58, 97.64, 86.13, 70.69, 49.85, 44.28, 24.91, 24.62, 22.42. HR-MS
+
(ESI) calcd. for C H O (M + H) 289.1071, measured 289.1073.
16
16
5
3
3
.3. Bioassays
.3.1. Arabidopsis Seed Germination
Twenty-five seeds of Arabidopsis (Columbia wild type) were sterilized successively with 70%
(
4
v/v) ethanol for 30 min and were washed with sterile water. The sterilized seeds were soaked in about
00 µL of a test solution and incubated in the dark for 3 days at 4 C. The vernalized seeds in the test
◦
solution were transferred to plates in which two sheets of filter paper soaked in 2 mL of water had
◦
been placed and allowed to germinate under day for 16 h and night for 8 h at 22 C. The percentage of
seeds with an emerged radicle was calculated. All of the tests were conducted thrice. All of the IC50
values were calculated by IBM SPSS Statistics (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA).
3
.3.2. Lettuce Seed Germination
Fifty seeds of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.cv.) were soaked in about 1 mL of a test solution in the dark
◦
for 1 day at 25 C. Then, the seeds were transferred to plates with two sheets of filter paper, soaked in
2
◦
mL of water, and were allowed to germinate under continuous light for 24 h at 25 C. The percentage
of seeds with an emerged radicle was calculated. All tests were conducted thrice. All the IC50 values
were calculated by IBM SPSS Statistics.
3
.3.3. Rice Seedling Growth
Seeds of rice (indica) were sterilized with 70% (v/v) ethanol for 5 min and washed with distilled
◦
water. The sterilized seeds were soaked in water to germinate for three days at 25 C. Then, the well
germinated seeds were selected to place in a glass tube containing 2 mL of a test solution and grown
◦
with the tube sealed with a plastic cap under continuous light at 30 C. The length of the second leaf
sheath was measured when the seedlings were seven days old. All of the tests were conducted thrice.
All of the IC50 values were calculated by IBM SPSS Statistics.
4
. Conclusions
Collectively, some solid findings were established by the discussion of structure-activity
relationship. Introducing of any groups in the benzene ring of iso-PhABA was not preferential
for bioactivity, but replacing of the benzene ring of iso-PhABA to a heterocycle ring can mostly keep
the bioactivity, i.e., the IC50 values of iso-PyABA 5a, iso-FrABA
6 were close to those of control agents
4
a
and . Furthermore, the bioactivity of substituted-iso-aryl-ABA decreased with an increased size
1
of group in the aryl ring. Also, a double-bond in the 4,5-position of the side chain of iso-PhABA
analogs was essential for the bioactivity. For the preference of the different bioassays, some new
compounds displayed different preference to physiological process comparing with each other and
control agents. For example, substituted-iso-PhABA 4b–4d observed highest IC50 values for the
rice seedlings elongation, which was the most efficient assay for the control agents. These results
indicated that these analogs might have selectivity and preference to different ABA receptors. As is
well known, ABA receptors of plants are multiple gene family [35], and remain unclear for their
functions. A selective agonist or antagonist can be used as chemical probe for the discovery of this
subject [36]. Thus, those analogs with different preference to bioassays comparing with iso-PhABA
and ABA might be potential selective agonist and antagonist for ABA receptors, which behave with a
different selectivity for the agonist/antagonist-receptor interaction when compared to iso-PhABA and
ABA. Therefore, these finding made a good opportunity to screening more bicyclic ABA analogs for

Molecules 2017, 22, 2229
14 of 15
many important applications, including pointing out the direction for structural modification, practical
application on the plant protection and probing the responding of different ABA receptors.
Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
(No. 21572265).
Author Contributions: C.W. and Z.Q. conceived and designed the experiments; C.W., D.Y., X.H., C.C. and
S.D. performed the experiments; C.W., M.W., Y.X., and Z.Q. analyzed the data; C.W. and Z.Q. wrote the paper.
All authors contributed to the experiments, analyses of results, and review of the manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are available from the authors.
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