Preparation of monodispersed metal-based infinite coordination polymer nanostructures and their good capability for metal oxide preparation

Article abstract of DOI:10.1016/j.jssc.2018.05.012

Two coordination polymer particles (Zn-CPP and Pb-CPP) were synthesized by reaction of metal(II) acetates with the sodium {3-[(4-carboxy-phenylimino)-methyl]-4-hydroxy-benzylsulfanyl}-acetate. The composition of CPPs was determined by elemental analyses which confirmed the presence of two metal ions per one organic linker in each monomeric unit. Photoluminescence studies of the prepared CPPs showed good correlation between the structure of CPPs and emission wavelengths. The calcination of Zn-CPP produced zinc oxide nanoparticles with large band gap and well defined morphology and composition.

Full text of DOI:10.1016/j.jssc.2018.05.012

Journal of Solid State Chemistry 264 (2018) 86–90
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Solid State Chemistry
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jssc
Preparation of monodispersed metal-based infinite coordination polymer
nanostructures and their good capability for metal oxide preparation
⁎
Maryam Mohammadikish , Sara Ghanbari
Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
A R T I C L E I N F O
A B S T R A C T
Keywords:
Two coordination polymer particles (Zn-CPP and Pb-CPP) were synthesized by reaction of metal(II) acetates
with the sodium {3-[(4-carboxy-phenylimino)-methyl]-4-hydroxy-benzylsulfanyl}-acetate. The composition of
CPPs was determined by elemental analyses which confirmed the presence of two metal ions per one organic
linker in each monomeric unit. Photoluminescence studies of the prepared CPPs showed good correlation
between the structure of CPPs and emission wavelengths. The calcination of Zn-CPP produced zinc oxide
nanoparticles with large band gap and well defined morphology and composition.
Coordination polymer
Photoluminescence
Zinc oxide
Band gap
1. Introduction
Wang [20] utilized p-phenylenediamine and a hexachloroplatinate salt
to prepare related structure with similar morphologies. Our group has
Crystal engineering, the design and synthesis of supramolecular
also reported a fast precipitation method for the production of a variety
of CPPs [26–29]. Furthermore, CPPs can be converted to metal oxides
through the simple calcination process [30,31]. To expand our long-
term interest in preparation of coordination compounds [32–36],
herein we report the preparation of sphere-shaped Zn-CPP and Pb-
CCP. In addition, prepared Zn-CPP is used to synthesis zinc oxide
nanoparticles via calcination.
coordination polymers with flexible frameworks is a frontier field in
research, not only for their variety of architectures and interesting
molecular topologies but also because of their potential applications
such as zeolite-like catalysts [1,2], host-guest chemistry [3], gas storage
4–6], ion exchange [7], molecular recognition [8], photonic materials
9], and magnetic [10], electronic [11], and optical devices [11].
In comparison with the s, d, or f metal coordination polymers which
[
[
has been mainly focused on up to now, less consideration has been
given to the p block heavy metals as coordination centers, despite their
important applications in electroluminescent devices, fluorescence,
sensors, photovoltaic convertors, and organic light-emitting diodes
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials and apparatus
[
12–15]. Lead(II) frameworks [16] have additionally attracted great
All solvents and other chemicals were obtained from commercial
sources and used without further purification.
interest because of variable coordination number, large ion radius, and
the novel network topologies [17]. According to the hard-soft acid-base
theory, the intermediate coordination ability of lead(II) means that it
can flexibly coordinate small nitrogen or oxygen atoms as well as large
sulfur atoms [18].
The CHN elemental analyses were done by Perkin-Elmer 2400
SERIES II. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy
(ICP-OES) was conducted on an SPECTRO ARCOS FHE 12 ICP-OES
1
analyzer. H NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance 300
In the past, the vast majority of coordination polymer materials,
including metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), were focused on macro-
scaled crystalline products. Recently, methodologies for the preparation
of nano- and micro-scaled coordination polymer particles (CPPs) have
been demonstrated by several research groups [19–25]. For the first
time, Mirkin [19] and Wang [20] independently developed the pre-
paration of spherical Infinite Coordination Polymer (ICP) particles.
Mirkin and coworkers [19] introduced bis-metallotridentate Schiff base
ligands as linkers and metal cations as nodes to prepare nanosized ICPs.
spectrometer. Fourier-transform infrared spectra of solid samples (KBr
pellets) were obtained on a Perkin-Elmer Spectrum RXI FT-IR spectro-
meter. All FE-SEM images were taken on a MIRA3TESCAN-XMU
scanning electron microscope. Thermaogravimetric analysis (TGA) was
conducted on a NETZSCH TG 209 F1 Iris thermogravimeter in the
temperature range from room temperature to 700 °C at a heating rate
of 10 °C min in air. XRD pattern was recorded on a Rigaku D-max
CIII X-ray diffractometer using Ni-filtered Cu Kα radiation. The
electronic spectra were taken on a Cintra 101 spectrometer. The
−
1
⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: mohammadikish@khu.ac.ir (M. Mohammadikish).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2018.05.012
Received 21 March 2018; Received in revised form 9 May 2018; Accepted 10 May 2018
0022-4596/ © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

M. Mohammadikish, S. Ghanbari
Journal of Solid State Chemistry 264 (2018) 86–90
Fig. 1. Schematic synthetic routes to synthesis metal based Coordination Polymers Particles (M-CPP).
emission spectra of the ligand and coordination polymer were taken on
a Jasco FP-6500 spectrofluorometer.
(υO-H), 3059 (υC-H-aromatic), 2912(υC-H-aliphatic), 2742 (υC-H-aldehyde),
1663 (υC˭O-aldehyde), 1580, 1412 (υC˭O-acid), 1486 (υC˭C).
2
.1.1. Synthesis of the ligand
Fig. 1 shows all of the steps involved in the synthesis of the ligand
2.1.4. Synthesis of the Sodium {3-[(4-carboxy-phenylimino)-methyl]-
4-hydroxy-benzylsulfanyl}-acetate (L)
and CPPs.
10 mL methanolic solution of 1.1 g (8.10 mmol) para-aminobenzoic
acid was added to 2.0 g (8.10 mmol) sodium (3-formyl-4-hydroxy-
benzylthio)-acetate (B) which was dissolved in 20 mL methanol. The
color of the solution was changed immediately from yellow to orange
and the reaction mixture was refluxed for 2 h. Evaporation of the final
solution gives the fine orange crystals of the product which was washed
twice with cold methanol (2.1 g; 70% yield). Elemental anal. Calc. for
2
.1.2. 5-(chloromethyl)-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (A)
.18 g (75.17 mmol) of salicylaldehyde was treated with 5.0 g of
9
paraformaldehyde in 50 mL of conc. HCl. After 5 days of stirring at
room temperature, the reaction mixture was repeatedly extracted with
Et
NaCl, and then dried over Na
A) as a wet solid that was washed with diethyl ether several times (6 g,
7% yield, m.p. 86–87 °C) [27,37]. Elemental anal. Calc. for C Cl:
): δ = 11.07
s, 1 H, OH), 9.89 (s, 1 H, CHO), 7.57 (dd, 1 H, Haromatic), 7.54 (d, 1 H,
aromatic), 6.99 (d, 1 H, Haromatic), 4.59 (s, 2 H, CH Cl) ppm. FT-IR
KBr, cm ): 3223 (υO-H, H2O), 3042 (υC-H-aromatic), 2964 (υC-H-aliphatic),
2
O. The organic phase was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO
3
,
17 5
C H14NSO Na: C, 55.58; H, 3.84; N, 3.81. Found: C, 55.69; H, 3.50;
2
SO . Evaporation of the solvent afforded
4
1
1
(
4
6
N, 3.48. H NMR (DMSO-d ): δ = 12.90 (s, 1 H, COOH ), 8.93 (s, 1 H,
6
2,3
7
8
8
H
7
O
2
N = CH ), 7.93 (d, 2 H, H ), 7.60 (dd, 1 H, H ), 7.37 (d, 1 H, H ), 7.35
1
4,5
9
10
C, 56.33; H, 4.14. Found: C, 56.72; H, 4.08. H NMR (CDCl
3
(d, 2 H, H ), 6.91 (d, 1 H, H ), 3.74 (s, 2 H, Ar-CH
2
-S), 3.38 (s, 2 H,
-COO) ppm. FT-IR (KBr, cm ): 3438 (υO-H), 3043 (υC-H-
aromatic), 2903(υC-H-aliphatic), 1696 (υC˭O-acid), 1622 (υC˭N).
11
−1
(
S-CH
2
H
(
2
−
1
2
876, 2751 (υC-H-aldehyde), 1659 (υC˭O), 1623, 1484 (υC˭C).
2.1.5. Synthesis of infinite coordination polymer (M-CPP; M = Zn or
Pb)
2
.1.3. Sodium (3-Formyl-4-hydroxy-Benzylthio)-acetate (B)
In a 100 mL round bottom flask, 1.08 g (11.72 mmol) of thioglycolic
A methanolic solution of M(OAc)
10 mL) was added slowly to a solution of Schiff base ligand (L) (1.0 g,
2.72 mmol) in 6:4 methanol:H O solution. A cloudy solution was
observed and a large amount of precipitate produced within several
minutes. The colloidal solution was further stirred and after one hour
2 2
.nH O (M = Zn or Pb; 6.81 mmol,
acid in 10 mL acetonitrile was added gradually to a dispersed solution
of 0.94 g (23.50 mmol) of fine powder sodium hydroxide in 40 mL
acetonitrile. After 2 h, 2.0 g (11.72 mmol) of (A) in 20 mL acetonitrile
was added slowly to above solution and refluxed for 48 h. The color of
reaction mixture was changed to yellow at initial hours. The yellow
precipitated of sodium (3-formyl-4-hydroxy-benzylthio)-acetate was
collected and washed with acetonitrile several times. The product was
dissolved in methanol, filtered and evaporated to remove NaCl
byproduct which was formed during reaction (1.8 g; 62% yield).
Elemental anal. Calc. for C10
4
H
Ar-CH
2
the precipitate was isolated and washed with H
2
O and methanol
several times via centrifugation and redispersion cycles. Each succes-
sive supernatant was decanted and replaced with distilled H
methanol
2
O and
Zn-CPP: Yellow (1.1 g; 76% yield). Elemental anal. Calc. for
15NSO Zn ·2H O: C, 40.16; H, 3.37; N, 2.47; Zn, 23.01. Found:
C, 40.20; H, 3.02; N, 2.51; Zn, 22.87. FT-IR (KBr, cm ): 3419 (υO-H,
H2O), 3063 (υC-H-aromatic), 2918 (υC-H-aliphatic), 1620 (υC˭N), 1590 (υC˭O-
asymmetric), 1390 (υC˭O-symmetric).
C
19
H
7
2
2
−
1
H
9
O
4
SNa: C, 48.39; H, 3.65. Found: C,
O): δ = 9.83 (s, 1 H, CHO), 7.58 (s, 1 H,
aromatic), 7.50 (dd, 1 H, Haromatic), 6.89 (d, 1 H, Haromatic), 3.68 (s, 2 H,
1
7.99; H, 3.55. H NMR (D
2
−
1
2
-S), 3.01 (s, 2 H, S-CH
2
-COO) ppm. FT-IR (KBr, cm ): 3201
Pb-CPP: Yellow (1.3 g; 58% yield). Elemental anal. Calc. for
8
7

M. Mohammadikish, S. Ghanbari
Journal of Solid State Chemistry 264 (2018) 86–90
C
19
H
15NSO
7 2 2
Pb ·2H O: C, 26.79; H, 2.25; N, 1.64; Pb, 48.65. Found: C,
−
1
2
6.66; H, 2.50; N, 1.31; Pb, 48.34. FT-IR (KBr, cm ): 3425 (υO-H,
H2O), 3052 (υC-H-aromatic), 2916 (υC-H-aliphatic), 1617 (υC˭N), 1580 (υC˭O-
asymmetric), 1382 (υC˭O-symmetric).
2
.1.6. Preparation of ZnO nanoparticles
Zn-CPP nanoparticles were placed in a conventional furnace and
calcined at 600 °C under static air. After 2 h, the generated ZnO
nanoparticles were cooled to room temperature.
3. Results and discussion
Functionalized salicylaldehyde (B) was prepared by sodium thio-
glycolate nucleophilic attack to 5-(chloromethyl)-2-hydroxybenzalde-
hyde (A) in acetonitrile. In the next step, ligand (L) was synthesized
from condensation reaction of sodium (3-Formyl-4-hydroxy-
Benzylthio)-acetate (B) and p-aminobenzoic acid.
Metal based micro/nano CPPs, Zn-CPP and Pb-CPP, were
synthesized through interaction of metal acetate and Schiff base linker
(
L) as described in experimental section. As shown in Fig. 1, the
repeating unit of M-CPP was formed via two carboxylate groups from
2
+
two neighboring Schiff base ligands coordinated to one M as node,
while a second metal coordinated by the hydroxyl and imine groups
within the same unit of the bidentate Schiff base ligand. Elemental
analyses and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy
(
ICP-OES) confirmed the exact composition of prepared coordination
polymers.
FT-IR spectra acquired before and taken after formation of CPPs
showed that the carboxylate groups of the organic building blocks are
coordinated to metal ions, as evidenced by a shift in C˭O stretching
−1
frequency from 1696 cm for uncoordinated building blocks to 1590
−
1
and 1580 cm for Zn-CPP and Pb-CPP, respectively. The FT-IR
spectra also show that the imine nitrogen of the ligand is coordinated to
−
1
the metal ions, as evidenced by the shift of C˭N band at 1622 cm for
−
1
uncoordinated ligand to 1620 and 1617 cm in Zn-CPP and Pb-CPP,
respectively.
Thermal analysis was performed to obtain information about the
thermal stability of the prepared coordination polymer and decide
whether water molecules are in the inner or outer coordination sphere
of metal ion. Fig. 2 displays the TGA/DTG curves of Zn-CPP in the range
of room temperature to 700 °C. On the basis of observed thermal analysis,
it can be deduced that water molecules loses in two steps; below and after
100 °C supporting the presence of water molecules in the outer sphere
(lattice water) and inner sphere (coordinated water) of polymers. The next
steps from 200 °C to °500 C are corresponding to burning the organic part
of the coordination polymer. The coordination polymer completely
decomposed at about 500 °C and just left zinc oxide.
Fig. 3. FE-SEM images of prepared a) Zn-ICP and b, c) Pb-ICP.
Fig. 2. TGA/DTG curve of Zn-CPP.
8
8

M. Mohammadikish, S. Ghanbari
Journal of Solid State Chemistry 264 (2018) 86–90
1
000
the wavelengths 380 and 262 nm which are corresponding to the λmax
L (λex = 377 nm)
(
absorption) of Zn-CPP and Pb-CPP, respectively. The emissions of
Zn-CPP (λex = 380 nm)
Pb-CPP (λex = 262 nm)
both CPPs may not be assigned to the intraligand transition but may be
attributed to ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT). In comparison
with ligand molecule, both CPPs display blue shift in emission peaks,
undoubtedly owing to the chelating of the ligand to metal center.
The as-prepared Zn-CPP used as precursor to synthesize zinc oxide
nanoparticles. To investigate the crystal structure of the calcination
product, the XRD pattern was examined. Powder XRD pattern of
thermolysis product is presented in Fig. 5a, which clearly shows the
highly crystalline character of as-synthesized sample. It reveals that the
decomposed product is purely hexagonal ZnO (PDF No. 80-0075; SG:
P63mc (186); Cell parameters: a = b = 3.2539 Å; c = 5.2098 Å). There is
no impurity of organic residue in the FT-IR spectrum of the calcination
product (Fig. 5b). So, the XRD pattern and FT-IR spectrum indicated
that the Zn-CPP was completely transformed into pure hexagonal
phase ZnO.
8
6
4
2
00
00
00
00
0
3
50
450
550
650
750
Wavelenght (nm)
Fig. 4. Emission spectra of the ligand, Zn-CPP and Pb-CPP.
The morphology of the ZnO product was investigated by FE-SEM
(Fig. 5c). The FE-SEM image of the ZnO product shows nanoparticles
with high quantity. The size of nearly uniform ZnO nanoparticles is
about 80 nm.
Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) is used to
evaluate the morphology of the synthesized coordination polymers. The
images (Fig. 3) show spherical structures with an average diameter of
9
0 and 400 nm for Zn-CPP and Pb-CPP, respectively. The surface of
Semiconductor nanoparticles exhibit interesting size-dependent che-
mical and physical properties that cannot be observed in bulk analogous.
One of these properties is band gap energy which is particle size
dependent. The band gap energy increases with decreasing particle size
and a high-energy shift of an absorption edge is generally expected for
nanocrystalline materials [38,39]. The band gap of a semiconductor can
the spheres is smooth and the sizes are relatively monodispersed.
The photoluminescence properties of the free ligands (L) and its
coordination polymers (Zn-CPP and Pb-CPP) were examined in solid
state (Fig. 4). The Zn-CPP and Pb-CPP photoluminescence spectra
show intense emissions at 547 and 522 nm, upon photoexcitation at
Fig. 5. a) XRD pattern; b) FT-IR spectrum; c) FE-SEM image, and UV–Vis spectrum (inset is tauc plot) of the ZnO nanoparticles.
8
9

M. Mohammadikish, S. Ghanbari
Journal of Solid State Chemistry 264 (2018) 86–90
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4. Conclusion
[
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