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ꢀ
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5. Variables and equations
The 5HMF yield, selectivity and fructose conversion were
calculated as follows:
ꢀ
ꢁ
moles of 5HMF yield produced
initial moles of fructose
5HMF yield% ¼
ꢂ 100
ꢀ
ꢁ
moles of 5HMF yield produced
converted moles of fructose
5HMF selectivity% ¼
ꢂ 100
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ꢀ
ꢁ
total fructose moles converted
Fructose conversion% ¼
ꢂ100
initial fructose moles
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fructose mass
Feed mass ratio ¼
total mass of DES
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ꢀ
ꢁ
pTSA moles
DES molar mixing ratio ¼
ChCl moles
The experimental conditions and variable ranges investi-
gated in this work are listed in Table 1.
6. Conclusion
The deep eutectic solvent mixture of ChCl–p-TSA was found to
be a highly promising catalytic solvent mixture for the reaction
of fructose dehydration to 5HMF, giving a high yield and
selectivity. The dehydration process using such mixture was
found to be efficient, as the DES mixture comprised renewable,
non-toxic and cheap materials. The process did not require
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ꢀ
severe reaction conditions, as 80 C was found to be the best
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reaction temperature. There was no need to use an external
catalyst, as the p-TSA serves as both hydrogen bond donor
(HBD) and acid catalyst for the dehydration reaction. The DES
mixture was easy to prepare and had no contamination effect, as
it is not reactive. The best yield obtained was 90.7% at a feed
ratio of 2.5 wt%, DES mixing molar ratio of 1 : 1, 80 ꢀC
temperature and 1 h reaction time. Further investigations are
required for an efficient separation process for the nal product
5HMF. Also, further analysis is required to identify the by-
products obtained from the concurrent side reactions.
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