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fluorescein emission at 520 nm was gradually enhanced with
increasing MDMA concentrations (see Supplementary
Information). From the titration profile, a limit of detection of
J. NeuroImmun. Pharmacol., 2014
J. C. Kraner, D. J. McCoy, M. A. Evans, L. E. Evans and B.
J. Sweeney, J. Anal. Toxicol., 2001, 25, 645.
N. A. Buckley and D. G. Barceloux, Med. Toxicol. Drug
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DOI: 10.1039/C7CC00186J
7
8
.
.
-1
4
.9 μM (0.95
g mL ) for MDMA was determined.
Finally, the ability of S2 to detect MDMA in a more realistic
sample was tested. For this purpose we prepared an ecstasy
tablet by mixing MDMA and commonly used additives (i.e. sucrose,
chalk and paracetamol, see Supporting Information). Then we
measured emission intensity of the fluorescein released from S2 in
the presence of the individual components mixed together or
alone. The obtained results are depicted in Fig. 3b that shows that
only MDMA (alone or mixed with the other ecstasy components) is
able to induce pseudorotaxane dethreading, pore opening and
fluorescein release.
33, 439. (b) S. Pichini, M. Navarro, R. Pacifici, P.
Zuccaro, J. Ortuño, M. Farr, P. Nolasc-Roset, J. Segura
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1
0. E. Cuypers, A. J. Bonneure and J. Tytgat, Drug Test.
Rev., 2016, 116, 561. (b) I. I. Slowing, J. L. Vivero-
Escoto, B. G. Trewyn and V. S. –Y. Lin, J. Mater. Chem.,
In summary, we showed here a new protocol for the
selective and sensitive fluorogenic detection of MDMA by
using capped nanoparticles. Our sensing material consisted on
mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with fluorescein and
capped by a pseudorotaxane formed by a grafted naphthalene
2
1
4+
derivative and CBPQT macrocycle. The sensing mechanism
arises from a displacement reaction by the formation of an
14. E. Climent, M. D. Marcos, R. Martinez-Manez, F.
Sancenon, J. Soto, K. Rurack and P. Amoros, Angew.
Chem. Int. Ed., 2009, 48, 8519.
4+
inclusion complex between MDMA and CBPQT that detached
the macrocycle from the surface of the nanoparticles. The
fluorogenic response obtained is highly selective and other
drugs (i.e. morphine, methadone, heroin and cocaine) were
unable to induce any significant fluorescent response. Besides,
the sensitivity of capped nanoparticles is remarkable with an
1
5. (a) M. R. Panman, P. Bodis, D. J. Shaw, B. H. Bakker, A.
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MDMA limit of detection of 4.9
M in water. Taking into
account the sensitivity and selectivity of solid S2 and its easy
synthesis and handling, this material could be used as probe
for an accurate “in situ” and “at site” MDMA identification
from other illicit drugs.
The authors thank the financial support from the Spanish
Government (projects MAT2015-64139-C4-1-R and AGL2015-
1
70235-C2-2-R) and the Generalitat Valenciana (project
GVA/2014/13). B.L-T. is grateful to the Ministerio de Economía y
Competitividad for her PhD grant. A.B. thanks the Spanish
Government for the financial support “Juan de la Cierva-
Incorporación” (IJCI-2014-21534). J.O.J. thanks The Danish Natural
Science Research Council (FNU, project no. 11-106744) and the
Villum Foundation for financial support.
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