Facile construction of leaf-like WO3 nanoflakes decorated on g-C3N4 towards efficient oxidation of alcohols under mild conditions

Article abstract of DOI:10.1039/c8nj03328e

Herein, a well-defined nanostructure with leaf-like WO₃ nanoflakes decorated on g-C₃N₄ was constructed via a facile impregnation and subsequent annealing method. The prepared WO₃/g-C₃N₄ exhibited excellent catalytic activity for the selective oxidation of alcohols under mild conditions, and satisfactory yields to the corresponding carbonyl compounds were achieved without using non-green additives and organic solvents. It was found that the enhanced catalytic activity could be attributed to the enlarged specific surface area, the well-defined nanostructure, and the strong interactions between WO₃ and g-C₃N₄. The distribution of WO₃ nanoflakes on the g-C₃N₄ support increased the number of catalytically active sites for this reaction. XPS analysis suggested that a synergistic electron effect occurred because of the electron transfer from g-C₃N₄ to WO₃. Moreover, the effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, oxidant amount and catalyst dosage on catalytic activity were investigated. Recycle studies showed that the catalyst could be readily recovered and no obvious decrease in catalytic efficiency was observed after seven cycles. The present catalytic system can afford a wide substrate scope for both aryl and alkyl alcohols with superior conversion and selectivity. Also, a plausible reaction mechanism was proposed to better illustrate the catalytic process. This work might provide a facile construction of a well-defined WO₃/g-C₃N₄ catalyst for the selective oxidation of alcohols using a sustainable approach.

Full text of DOI:10.1039/c8nj03328e

View Article Online
View Journal
NJC
Accepted Manuscript
This article can be cited before page numbers have been issued, to do this please use: C. Xu, X. wang, G.
Xu, Y. Chen and L. Dai, New J. Chem., 2018, DOI: 10.1039/C8NJ03328E.
Volume 40 Number
1
January 2016 Pages 1–846
This is an Accepted Manuscript, which has been through the
Royal Society of Chemistry peer review process and has been
accepted for publication.
NJC
New Journal of Chemistry
www.rsc.org/njc
A journal for new directions in chemistry
Accepted Manuscripts are published online shortly after
acceptance, before technical editing, formatting and proof reading.
Using this free service, authors can make their results available
to the community, in citable form, before we publish the edited
article. We will replace this Accepted Manuscript with the edited
and formatted Advance Article as soon as it is available.
You can find more information about Accepted Manuscripts in the
author guidelines.
Please note that technical editing may introduce minor changes
to the text and/or graphics, which may alter content. The journal’s
standard Terms & Conditions and the ethical guidelines, outlined
in our author and reviewer resource centre, still apply. In no
event shall the Royal Society of Chemistry be held responsible
for any errors or omissions in this Accepted Manuscript or any
consequences arising from the use of any information it contains.
ISSN 1144-0546
PAPER
Jason B. Benedict et al.
The role of atropisomers on the photo-reactivity and fatigue of
diarylethene-based metal–organic frameworks
rsc.li/njc

Page 1 of 11
Pl Ne ae swe Jd oo u nr no at l ao df j Cu sh te mm ai sr tgr iyn s
View Article Online
DOI: 10.1039/C8NJ03328E
Journal Name
ARTICLE
Facile construction of leaf-like WO nanoflakes decorated on g-
3
C N towards efficient oxidation of alcohols under mild conditions
3
4
Received 00th January 20xx,
Accepted 00th January 20xx
Cai Xu, Xiaozhong Wang, Gang Xu,* Yingqi Chen and Liyan Dai*
DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x
Herein, a well-defined nanostructure with leaf-like WO
3
nanoflakes decorated on g-C
3 4
N was constructed via a facile
impregnation and subsequent annealing method. The prepared WO
3
/g-C exhibited excellent catalytic activity for the
3 4
N
www.rsc.org/
selective oxidation of alcohols under mild conditions, and satisfactory yields to the corresponding carbonyl compounds
were achieved without using non-green additives and organic solvents. It was found that the enhanced catalytic activity
were attributed to the enlarged specific surface area, the well-defined nanostructure, and the strong interactions between
WO
3
and g-C
3
N
4
. The distribution of WO
3
nanoflakes on g-C
3
N
4
support increased the catalytic active sites for this reaction.
to WO
XPS analysis suggested that a synergistic electron effect was formed because of the electron transfer from g-C
3
N
4
3
.
Moreover, effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, oxidant amount and catalyst dosage on catalytic activity were
investigated. Recycle studies showed that the catalyst could be readily recovered and no obvious decrease in catalytic
efficiency was observed after seven cycles. The present catalytic system can afford a wide substrate scope for both aryl
and alkyl alcohols with superior conversion and selectivity. Also, a plausible reaction mechanism was proposed to better
illustrate the catalytic process. This work might provide a facile construction of a well-defined WO
3
/g-C
3
N
4
catalyst for the
approach.
selective oxidation of alcohols in sustainable
a
1
3–15
H
2
O as the only by-product.
Notably, using water as a non-
Introduction
flammable and inert solvent can alleviate the potential
1
6
explosion hazards. In this context, an eco-friendly oxidation
process with H in aqueous media under mild conditions is
highly desirable.
Recently, economically sustainable development in the
chemical industry has sparked considerable research interests
arising from the rapidly growing concerns over environment
2 2
O
1
To date, noble metals (e.g., Ru, Rh, Pd and Au) have been
extensively used for heterogeneous catalysis in alcohols
and energy issues. The selective oxidation of alcohols to
carbonyl compounds is a valuable transformation in organic
2
synthesis and fine chemicals. But traditionally, non-green and
1
7–19
oxidation.
Recently, Ballarin et al. reported the alcohols
3
corrosive oxidants (such as tert-butyl hydroperoxide, TEMPO,
4
oxidation in continuous-flow heterogeneous systems catalyzed
2
0
5
6
by supported Au nanoparticles. A recyclable catalyst with Pd
nanoparticles encapsulated in mesoporous ionic copolymer
was prepared by Wang et al., which exhibited remarkable
Cr salts and nitric acid ) were widely used for this organic
reaction, which undoubtedly produced large amounts of
hazardous pollutants and wastes. In terms of sustainable
catalytic performance for the selective oxidation of benzyl
21
development, clean oxidants (such as O and H O ) appear to
2
2
2
alcohol with O
2
.
However, the scarcity and high costs of the
be more attractive. As for O , it is relatively unreactive due to
2
noble metals greatly confine their use in large scale.
Additionally, many efforts have also been devoted in
developing non-noble metals catalysts (Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, V, etc.)
the triplet ground state structure, aerobic oxidation of alcohols
7
is usually conducted in organic solvents (such as CH CN,
3
8
DMF and BTF ) with non-green additives under relatively
,9
10
2
2,23
1
1,12
for this transformation.
prepared octahedral MnO
method and used it as an efficient catalyst for the selective
oxidation of various alcohols with O in the presence of
toluene. Xiao’s group synthesized epichlorohydrin-modified
Fe microspheres for the selective oxidation of benzyl
For example, Sarmah et al.
harsh conditions.
H O is a promising oxidant in aqueous
2 2
2
molecular sieve via a hydrothermal
solution for releasing active oxygen species and generating
2
2
4
3 4
O
2
5
alcohol and obtained 36.6% conversion. Bai et al. reported
the aerobic oxidation of alcohols catalyzed by MOF-derived Co
2
6
catalysts within a long reaction time (48–96 h). Despite these
exciting advances in the area of catalytic oxidation of alcohols
over non-noble metals catalysts, there are still challenges
regarding substrate scope and catalytic efficiencies.
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 20xx
J. Name., 2013, 00, 1-3 | 1
Please do not adjust margins

Please do not adjust margins
New Journal of Chemistry
Page 2 of 11
View Article Online
DOI: 10.1039/C8NJ03328E
ARTICLE
Journal Name
It has been reported that tungsten oxide is a potential then rinsed with deionized water thoroughly until the
catalyst for selective oxidation reaction due to its strong Lewis supernatant liquid was neutral, followed by filtration and
acidity, deprotonated ability and stable physicochemical drying at 60 °C in an oven overnight. Finally, the obtained
2
7–29
properties.
catalytic performance owing to the low specific surface area, a ramping rate of 10 °C/min. Because of the same amount of g-
insufficient active sites and aggregation of nanoparticles used in the synthesis of various samples, the resulting
during the reaction process. Among the various modified WO /g-C composites were labelled as xWO /g-C , where
methods to improve its catalytic efficiency, synthesis of x indicated that x mmol of the W precursor was mixed with g-
morphology-controlled structure and immobilization of metal . For comparison, pure WO was also prepared via the
3
However, pure WO exhibits unsatisfactory sample was calcined at 300 °C for 2 h in a muffle furnace with
3 4
C N
3
3
N
4
3
3 4
N
C
3
N
4
3
catalyst are widely considered as the effective strategies, since same synthetic route.
the well-defined nanostructure not only expose more active
3
sites but also accelerate mass transfer. More recently, g-C
0
3
N
4
Characterization
has received enormous attention in heterogeneous catalysis
due to its high electrical conductivity, nontoxicity and
Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were recorded on a
Nexus 670 spectrometer using KBr pellets in the range of
−1
00−4000 cm . X-ray diffractions (XRD) patterns were
3
1,32
attractive two-dimensional structure.
To enlarge its specific
5
surface area and enhance the catalytic efficiency, constructing
collected on a PANalytical X’Pert PRO diffractometer using
monochromated Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å). Raman
spectra were collected using a LabRAM HR Evolution Raman
microscope system (Horiba Jobin Yvon, Kyoto) equipped with
an integral Olympus BX40 microscope, an automatic
motorized XYZ stage and a He-Ne laser radiated at 633 nm.
Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images
were taken on a Hitachi SU-70 microscope equipped with an
energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). Transmission
electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM,
3
3,34
a heterojunction X/g-C
To date, several works have reported the construction of
WO /g-C composite with improved catalytic performance in
the field of contaminant degradation, CO reduction and water
But most of the reported WO /g-C were
3 4
N composite has been developed.
3
3 4
N
2
3
5–37
splitting.
3
3 4
N
prepared via physical method and complicated synthesis
method, and thus, it is desirable to develop a simple method
to construct shape-controlled WO
strong interactions towards enhanced catalytic activity.
In this work, we reported the facile construction of a
nanostructure with leaf-like WO nanoflakes decorated on g-
surface, then the well-defined WO /g-C was used as a
3 3 4
decorated on g-C N with
2
FEI Tecnai G F20 operated at 200 kV) were used to observe
3
the microstructures and lattice spacing of the catalysts. X-ray
photoelectron spectra (XPS) were measured on Thermo
Scientific Escalab 250Xi spectrometer using Al Kα radiation at
C
3
N
4
3
3 4
N
catalyst for the selective oxidation of various alcohols. The
results showed that the composite catalyst exhibited both
markedly enhanced catalytic activity and excellent reusability
under the optimized reaction conditions. Accordingly, XRD, FT-
2
0 kV, and the binding energies were calibrated with C 1s peak
at 284.6 eV. The specific surface area and pore volume of the
catalysts were calculated by using BET and BJH methods
2
IR, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, XPS and N adsorption-
respectively from N
determined with a Micromeritics Belsorp-mini II (BEL Japan,
Inc.). Thermogravimetric analysis was performed on
2
adsorption-desorption isotherms at 77 K
desorption were employed to reveal the intrinsic correlations
between the catalyst properties and the enhanced catalytic
activity. Then, a possible reaction mechanism for the selective
a
+
TGA/DSC 3 analyzer (Mettler Toledo Corp., Switzerland), the
experiment temperature ranged from 50 to 800 °C with a
heating rate of 10 °C/min in air.
3 3 4
oxidation of alcohols over WO /g-C N catalyst was proposed.
Experimental
Catalytic activity test
Catalyst preparation
The catalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde using
All the reagents were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical aqueous H O (30 wt%) without organic solvents and non-
2
2
Reagent Co., Ltd. without further purification. Pristine g-C
3
N
4
green additives was selected as the probe reaction. In a typical
was synthesized by direct pyrolysis of melamine. Briefly, 3.0 g experiment, benzyl alcohol (0.5 mmol), H O (30 wt%, 0.75
2
2
melamine was placed into a crucible with a cover, and then mmol), water (1 ml), catalyst (10 mg) were added into a sealed
heated at 550 °C for 3 h in a muffle furnace with a ramping regular glass reactor with vigorous magnetic stirring at 80 °C
rate of 10 °C/min. After cooling to room temperature for 3 h. After the reaction, the products were exacted with
naturally, the brown-yellow product was collected and ground ethyl acetate and the quantitative analysis of the reaction
into powder. The WO
facile impregnation and subsequent annealing method. 6820, FID detector) with external standard method, the
Typically, 200 mg obtained g-C was dispersed in 100 ml products were determined through comparison with known
deionized water with sonication for 30 min, and then a specific standards. Additionally, each result has been repeated at least
amount of Na WO 2H O (1, 2, 3, 4 mmol, respectively) was three times and found to be within the acceptable
added under vigorous stirring for 30 min. Afterwards, 2.5 ml experimental error (±2.0%) to assure the reproducibility of all
7% HCl was added dropwise into the above solution to form a the activity tests.
suspension and stirred for another 2 h. The above mixture was
3 3 4
/g-C N composites were prepared via a products was performed by gas chromatography (GC, Agilent
3 4
N
2
4
·
2
3
2
| J. Name., 2012, 00, 1-3
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 20xx
Please do not adjust margins

Page 3 of 11
Pl Ne ae swe Jd oo u nr no at l ao df j Cu sh te mm ai sr tgr iyn s
View Article Online
DOI: 10.1039/C8NJ03328E
Journal Name
ARTICLE
Fig. 1 XRD patterns of the prepared catalysts.
g-C N become weaker with the increasing content of WO in
3
4
3
the composites. It is speculated that the uniform structure of
g-C N -(002) facet is disturbed by the increasing WO
3
Results and discussion
3
4
nanocrystals, which embed into the interlayers of graphene-
like g-C N and interact with the g-C N nanosheets strongly,
Catalyst characterization
3
4
3 4
4
0
Fig. 1 gives the XRD patterns of various WO
3
/g-C
3 3
. The diffraction peaks for WO are consistent results can demonstrate the existence of intimate interactions
3 4
N , pure g- leading to the gradual changes of its diffraction peaks. The
C
3
N
4
and WO
well with the standard monoclinic phase (JCPDS 83-0951).
The characteristic peaks of pure g-C at 2θ = 12.7° and 27.6° enhanced catalytic performance in alcohols oxidation.
correspond to the (100) and (002) planes of graphitic
To investigate the interactions between WO and g-C N
3 4
3
8
between WO3 and g-C N , which might associate with the
3
4
3 4
N
3
materials, which attribute to the in-planar tris-s-triazine over the composite catalysts, FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy
structural packing and interplanar stacking of conjugated were performed. FT-IR spectra in Fig. S1 show several bands at
3
9
−1
aromatic systems, respectively. For various WO
composites, the results reveal the coexistence of g-C
WO , meanwhile, the intensity of diffraction peaks ascribed to stretching vibration modes, and the sharp band at 809 cm
3
/g-C
3
N
4
1200–1650 cm that are assigned to the C N aromatic
−1
3
N
4
and stretching, the band at 1637 cm corresponds to the C
N
−1
3
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 20xx
J. Name., 2013, 00, 1-3 | 3
Please do not adjust margins

Please do not adjust margins
New Journal of Chemistry
Page 4 of 11
View Article Online
DOI: 10.1039/C8NJ03328E
ARTICLE
Journal Name
associates with the breathing vibration of tri-s-triazine like the well-defined leaves with horizontal diameter of ca. 400
3
2,41
−1
units.
enhanced for 3WO
, indicating that protonated with acidic solution (HCl) WO
during the catalyst preparation process could increase some WO
amino groups to g-C
The broad adsorption bands in 3300–3500 cm are nm and longitudinal diameter of ca. 1 μm. In Fig. 3i, a thin g-
3
/g-C
3
N
4
compared to that of pristine g-
C
3
N
4
nanosheet is clearly observed around the boundary of
nanocrystal, indicating an integrated interface between
C
3
N
4
3
3
3 4
and g-C N has been formed, which ensures the efficient
4
7
3
N
4
, which is consistent with the reported charge transfer towards the interface between them.
On the other hand, the adsorbed water on the Moreover, the obvious lattice fringes with d-spacing of 0.376
catalyst’s surface might affect this inference, thus XPS analysis and 0.384 nm, which respectively match well with (020) and
of N 1s below (Fig. 4c) was used to further characterize it. (002) facets of monoclinic WO in XRD patterns.
Besides, as shown in Fig. 2, the Raman spectrum of g-C XPS was used to analyse the surface composition and
presents several weak characteristic peaks in the range from chemical state of the prepared catalysts. The wide-range XPS
4
2,43
literature.
3
3
N
4
−
1
44,45
400 to 1500 cm that ascribed to C N stretching.
peaks at 267 and 325 cm of pure WO correspond to the δ(O W elements in 3WO /g-C N catalyst, which is in good
The spectrum in Fig. S4 clearly exhibits the presence of C, N, O and
−1
3
3
3 4
−
1
W
O) bending mode, and the peaks at 714 and 807 cm
agreement with the results of EDS analysis (Fig. S3). The C 1s
derive from the ν(O
W
O) vibrational stretching mode of spectrum in Fig. 4a can be divided into three peaks at 284.2,
4
W bridging oxygen. It is distinctly observed that 285.3 and 287.7 eV, which are respectively attributed to
6
the W
O
3
with the increasing amount of WO in the composites, the surface adventitious carbon, sp -bonded carbon species from
3
−1
2
intensity of the Raman bands at 267, 714 and 807 cm of WO3 defects on the g-C N surface and sp -hybridized carbon
3
4
3
N).
0,48
gradually strengthen, and simultaneously, the peaks assigned bonded to N-containing aromatic rings (N
C
Fig.
to g-C N slightly weaken. Such changes may be attributed to 4b shows the O 1s spectrum of 3WO /g-C N , one peak at
3
4
3
3 4
the dispersion of WO nanocrystals on g-C N surface and an 530.2 eV can be assigned to lattice oxygen atoms of WO and
3
3
4
3
interaction between them, which could increase the exposed the other peak at 531.7 eV can be ascribed to the terminal
3
7,38
active sites for this reaction.
hydroxyl groups ( OH) on the surface.
N 1s spectra of g-
FESEM and TEM were used to investigate the morphology C N and 3WO /g-C N are presented in Fig. 4c, three peaks at
3
4
3
3 4
and microstructure of the prepared catalysts. In Fig. 3a and b, 398.6, 399.3 and 400.4 eV are observed, corresponding to the
2
it can be obviously found that the surface of g-C N support sp -hybridized nitrogen in tri-s-triazine rings (C
N
C),
3
4
was decorated with distributed WO nanoflakes (the yellow tertiary nitrogen N (C) groups and amino groups ( NH or
3
3
2
4
NH), respectively. It should be noted that the content of
2
dashed lines in Fig. 3b represent the identified edges of the g-
C N support), and compared to that of pure WO (as shown in nitrogen in the amino groups for pristine g-C N increased
3 4
3
4
3
Fig. S2), the stacking density of nanoflakes of 3WO /g-C N
3
from 11.2% to 16.5% for 3WO /g-C N , indicating that some
3 3 4
3
4
decreased obviously. From Fig. 3c−g, we can definitely terminal amino groups were generated during the catalyst
discriminate the WO nanoflakes and the g-C N support, the synthetic process. Besides, in case of the W 4f spectra (Fig. 4d),
3
3 4
elemental mappings of C, N, O and W of 3WO /g-C N the peaks at 35.1 and 37.3 eV are respectively attributed to W
composite can further imply that the WO3 nanoflakes are 4f7/2 and W 4f5/2 doublets, which indicates that the valence
3
3 4
6
successfully anchored on the g-C N support. TEM image in Fig. state of W element is W .
+ 49,50
In addition, the binding energies
3
4
3
h suggests that the typical quasi-elliptic WO nanoflakes look of W 4f of 3WO /g-C N both obviously shift to a lower
3 4
3
3
position compared to that of pure WO , suggesting a decrease
3
in the W oxidation state and the existence of electron transfer
from g-C N to WO .
3
4
3
Fig. 5 shows the N adsorption-desorption isotherms of the
2
pure WO , g-C N and 3WO /g-C N composite, and the
3
3
4
3
3 4
detailed texture parameters are listed in Table 1. Each sample
4
| J. Name., 2012, 00, 1-3
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 20xx
Please do not adjust margins

Page 5 of 11
Pl Ne ae swe Jd oo u nr no at l ao df j Cu sh te mm ai sr tgr iyn s
View Article Online
DOI: 10.1039/C8NJ03328E
Journal Name
ARTICLE
exhibits a type IV isotherm with an H3 hysteresis loop of the composites, respectively, In addition, it can be found
8
according to the IUPAC classification. In addition, the specific that the burnout temperature of g-C
3
N
4
in the WO
are 7.6 and 7.8 m g , composites decreased to about 600 °C, which was obviously
nanocrystals decorated lower than that of pure g-C (about 700 °C), such a change
3 3 4
/g-C N
2
−1
surface area of pure WO
respectively. However, with the WO
on the g-C
WO /g-C
change can be ascribed to the WO
surface, embedding the interlayer and interacting with
triazine units, which lead to the expansion of interlayer and
3
and g-C
3
N
4
3
3 4
N
3 4 3 4
N surface, the specific surface area of the prepared could be attributed to the facilitated combustion of g-C N
2
−1
51
3
).
3
3
3
N
4
significantly increased to 24.1 m g . Such a catalysed by metal oxide (WO
3
being dispersed on the g-
Table 1 The texture parameters of the prepared catalysts
3 4
C N
4
0
S
Pore size
(nm)
Pore volume
BET
the increased specific surface area. Besides, it is generally Entry Sample
considered that a larger specific surface area of the catalyst
2
−
1
3
−1
(
m g )
(cm g )
0.082
1
2
3
WO
g-C N4
3
7.6
7.8
24.1
42.7
43.8
18.0
can provide more catalytic active sites for the reaction system,
and thus the prepared WO /g-C N can exhibit more superior
0.086
0.108
3
3
3 4
3WO
3
/g-C
3
N
4
catalytic activity than pure WO and g-C N .
3 4
3
TGA was used to investigate the actual content of WO in
3
Catalytic oxidation of alcohols
the composite catalysts. As shown in Fig. 6, WO is stable and
3
shows nearly no weight loss in air when the temperature is up Herein, the well-defined catalyst was used for the selective
to 800 °C, g-C N4 undergoes a rapid weight loss region oxidation of benzyl alcohol (BzOH) to benzaldehyde (BzH) in
3
occurring from around 550 to 700 °C because of the the absence of organic solvents and non-green additives. As
3 3 4
the results listed in Table 2, the WO /g-C N showed excellent
catalytic activity for this oxidation reaction, both high
conversion of BzOH (above 90%) and good selectivity to BzH
(
above 95%) were achieved in a short reaction time of 3 h
entries 1–4). It should be noted that 3WO /g-C was the
(
3
3 4
N
optimum catalyst for this reaction with the highest yield to BzH
95.6%) obtained. That because the agglomeration of WO
nanoflakes occurred unavoidably when the WO content
(
3
3
exceeded a certain amount (as shown in Fig. S5), then the
active sites decreased together with the drop of catalytic
efficacy. On the other hand, as for pure WO
3 3 4
and g-C N ,
comparatively poor catalytic activity with only 61.2% and
2
6
2.8% yield to BzH was obtained, respectively (entries 5 and
). In addition, the 3WO /g-C prepared via a simple physical
3
3 4
N
method only afforded 59.5% yield to desired product (entry 7).
These results directly confirm the synergistic effect and strong
3 4 3 3 3 4
Fig. 6 TGA curves of g-C N , WO and the WO /g-C N composites.
interactions between WO
3 3 4
and g-C N over the prepared
combustion of it. As for these WO /g-C N composites, the composites, which finally lead to the enhanced catalytic
3
3 4
actual mass contents of WO can be calculated to be 50.1, 59.1, performance.
3
66.3 and 74.2% for four samples based on the weight residue
Table 2 Green oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde over the prepared WO
catalytic systems reported in previous works
3
/g-C
3
N
4
catalysts and the comparison with other
a
Reaction
Entry
Catalyst
Solvent
Oxidant
H O
Conv. (%)
Sel. (%)
Yield (%) Ref.
conditions
80 °C, 3 h
80 °C, 3 h
80 °C, 3 h
80 °C, 3 h
80 °C, 3 h
80 °C, 3 h
80 °C, 3 h
80 °C, 3 h
80 °C, 3 h
80 °C, 3 h
125 °C, 5 h
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1WO /g-C N
H O
2
90.2
94.5
98.6
96.2
70.8
24.8
74.2
62.8
12.5
65.2
89.9
98.0
97.3
97.0
95.8
86.5
92.0
80.2
80.5
88.3
90.5
89.2
88.4
91.9
95.6
92.2
61.2
22.8
59.5
50.6
11.0
59.0
80.2
Herein
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2WO
3WO
/g-C
/g-C
N
N
H
H
2
2
O
O
H
H
O
O
Herein
Herein
Herein
Herein
Herein
Herein
Herein
Herein
Herein
3
4WO /g-C N
H O
2
H O
2
3
3
WO
g-C
3
H
H
2
2
O
O
H
H
2
2
O
O
3
N
4
b
3WO /g-C N
H O
2
H O
2
3
3
c
4
3WO
3
/AC
H
H
2
2
O
O
H
H
2
2
O
O
9
None
d
1
1
0
1
3WO /g-C N
NaF aq.
None
H O
2
3
3
4
Au/Li
2
O/γ-Al
2
O
3
/PF
6
TBHP
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 20xx
J. Name., 2013, 00, 1-3 | 5
Please do not adjust margins

Please do not adjust margins
New Journal of Chemistry
Page 6 of 11
View Article Online
DOI: 10.1039/C8NJ03328E
ARTICLE
Journal Name
1
1
2
3
Co
3
O
4
/RGO-
N
DMF
DMF
O
O
2
2
100 °C, 7 h
130 °C, 5 h
93.9
94.8
99.9
97.5
93.8
8
9
Co-NG-750
92.4
82.7
34.8
98.0
20
°C,
6 h,
1
1
1
4
5
6
Pt/Bi MoO6
C H CF
0.1 MPa O2
TBHP
87.0
95.0
52.0
99.0
10
11
12
2
6
5
3
illuminated
Mn(OAc)
2
CH
3
CN
80 °C, 8 h, TFA 67.0
75 °C, 24 h,
PS/PANI@Cu(OSO CF )
CH CN
3
O /TEMPO
99.0
2
3 2
2
2
Na CO
3
1
1
1
7
8
9
0
Au/TiO2
H
2
O
TBHP
O2
95 °C, 2h
63.1
14.3
36.6
75.0
79.2
91.6
93.5
100.0
50.0
13.1
34.2
75.0
18
19
25
54
Au-Pd/TiO2
None
90 °C, 4 h
100 °C, 1.5 h
90 °C, 12 h
Fe
3
O
4
=
-ECH-D
H
2
O
H
H
2
2
O
2
2
2
a
WO
4
@PMO-1L
3 2
CH CN/H O
O
b
Reaction conditions: 0.5 mmol benzyl alcohol, 0.75 mmol H
2
O
2
, 1 ml H
2
O, 10 mg catalyst. The catalyst was prepared via mechanically
c
d
mixing WO
3
and pristine g-C
3
N
4
. AC refers to the activated carbon. 0.2 mol/l NaF aqueous solution was used as the solvent.
Fig. 7 Effects of (a) reaction temperature and (b) reaction time on the catalytic performance of 3WO /g-C N . Reaction conditions: 0.5
3
3 4
2 2 2
mmol benzyl alcohol, 0.75 mmol H O , 1 ml H O, 10 mg catalyst; reaction time (3 h) for (a) and reaction temperature (80 °C) for (b).
Moreover, effects of different reaction parameters (such as activity. Moreover, the conversion of the oxidant (H
2 2
O ) is also
reaction temperature, reaction time, oxidant amount and a crucial factor to evaluate the activity of this reaction system,
catalyst dosage) on catalytic activity were investigated in detail and thus experiment about H
2
O
2
conversion was performed
the results were presented
5
2,53
3 3 4
with 3WO /g-C N as a representative catalyst, the results based on iodometric titration,
were presented in Fig. 7, Fig. S6 and S7, respectively. It was in Fig. S8. It was found that with the increase of reaction time,
found that temperature has a prominent effect on BzOH the conversion of H increased rapidly at the beginning and
2 2
O
conversion (Fig. 7a), no significant conversion was obtained then no obvious increment was observed when the reaction
when it was conducted at relatively low temperature (30–50 proceeded for 3 h, which was similar to the variation tendency
°
C), but increasing the temperature to 80 °C, the reaction was
carried out completely with 98.6% BzOH conversion. That
because this oxidation reaction is endothermic and relatively
high temperature can promote the reaction process.
Increasing the reaction time over 3 h (Fig. 7b) would obviously
decrease the selectivity to desired product, since BzH can be
further oxidized to benzoic acid (a main by-product) inevitably.
2 2
The BzOH conversion increases with the increment of H O
dosage (Fig. S6), however, excess oxidant would facilitate the
formation of benzoic acid and other by-products. Catalyst
dosage was also a key factor for the selective oxidation of
BzOH, negligible conversion was achieved without using
catalyst (a blank experiment, Table 2, entry 9). Besides, upon
increasing the catalyst amount from 3–10 mg (Fig. S7), the
BzOH conversion clearly increased and further increment of
catalyst dosage had no obvious improvement in catalytic
Fig. 8 Recycling tests of the 3WO /g-C N catalyst. Reaction
3
3 4
2 2
conditions: 0.5 mmol benzyl alcohol, 0.75 mmol H O and 10 mg
catalyst in 1 ml H O, 80 °C, 3 h.
2
6
| J. Name., 2012, 00, 1-3
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 20xx
Please do not adjust margins

Page 7 of 11
Pl Ne ae swe Jdoo u nr no at l ao df j Cu sh te mm ai sr tgr iyn s
View Article Online
DOI: 10.1039/C8NJ03328E
Journal Name
ARTICLE
of the reactant conversion. It should be noted that the residual General applicability
in the system after the completion of the reaction was
2 2
H O
The substrate scope of alcohols oxidation over the 3WO
3
/g-
less than 10%, indicating the relatively high utilization
coefficient of the oxidant. Therefore, in general, excellent
catalytic activity can be achieved over the prepared well-
C
3
N
4
2 2
catalyst was investigated using H O without organic
solvents and non-green additives (Table 3). Different benzylic
alcohols bearing electron-donating or withdrawing substituent
groups can give the corresponding aldehydes with excellent
yields (entries 2–5). It should be noted the electron-
withdrawing groups (entries 4 and 5) slightly decreased the
3 3 4
defined WO /g-C N catalyst under mild reaction conditions.
Reusability of catalyst
The reusability of heterogeneous catalysts is crucial for the catalytic activity compared with that of electron-donating
advancement of sustainable processes, and thus the recycling groups (entries 2 and 3), which might arise from the decrease
experiments have been performed by using 3WO
3 3 4
/g-C N as a of electron cloud density on aromatic rings caused by negative
representative catalyst under the optimal reaction conditions. inductive effect, and that result was consistent with the
5
4
After each cycle, the catalyst was recovered by simple reported work. As a primary heterocyclic aromatic alcohol, 4-
centrifugation, washed with ethanol and dried at 60 °C in an pyridinemethanol also underwent the oxidation smoothly with
oven overnight for the next use. The experimental results are the increasing oxidant dosage and reaction temperature,
presented in Fig. 8, and it can be seen that there was no giving the target product in 87.7% yield (entry 6). As for the
significant loss in terms of conversion and selectivity after secondary aromatic alcohols (entries 7 and 8), both of them
seven consecutive runs. In addition, the leaching of metal W in were readily oxidized to the corresponding ketones in
the reaction filtrate was analyzed by ICP-OES (Varian 730-ES), excellent yields. In addition, a series of aliphatic alcohols were
the result excluded the existence of W species. The crystal suitable for this catalytic transformation to carbonyl
structure and morphology of the reused catalyst were also compounds, affording moderate to good yields with the
investigated by using XRD, SEM and TEM, as the results shown prolonged reaction time (entries 9–12). Notably, the yields of
in Fig. S9, no obvious change was found compared to that of aliphatic alcohols were slightly decreased compared with that
fresh catalyst. Consequently, after seven cycles, the 3WO
catalyst still exhibited high catalytic activity and bonding to hydroxyl group cannot be activated easily without a
extraordinary stability in this reaction, making it a fairly conjugated system, the reactant molecules also cannot access
3
/g- of aromatic alcohols, that was might because the carbon
3 4
C N
promising candidate in the future industrial application.
readily
to
the
active
sites
on
g-
a
3 3 4
Table 3 Green oxidation of various alcohols catalysed by 3WO /g-C N
Entry
1
Substrate
Product
Time (h)
3
Conv. (%)
98.6
Yield (%)
95.6
97.2
2
3
3
3
99.0
99.2
97.7
90.1
b
4
4
93.5
b
5
5
6
90.7
92.3
87.7
87.7
c
6
7
3
99.0
98.5
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 20xx
J. Name., 2013, 00, 1-3 | 7
Please do not adjust margins

Please do not adjust margins
New Journal of Chemistry
Page 8 of 11
View Article Online
DOI: 10.1039/C8NJ03328E
ARTICLE
Journal Name
b
8
3
96.6
95.6
68.2
9
6
8
75.5
78.6
1
0
67.2
67.7
1
1
2
7
80.8
60.5
d
1
10
53.5
a
b
c
Reaction conditions: 0.5 mmol substrate, 0.75 mmol H
2
O
2
, 1 ml H
2
O, 10 mg catalyst, 80 °C, 3 h. 1.0 mmol H
2
O
2
, 2 ml H
2
O. 1.0 mmol
d
H
2
O
2
, 85 °C. 2.0 mmol H
2 2
O , 90 °C.
C
3
N
4
due to the effect of π-π stacking. In general, the present with the reaction oxygen species on the surface of g-C N
3 4
catalytic system was applicable to the selective oxidation of nanosheets, and thus benzyl alcohol can be selectively
both aryl and alkyl alcohols to carbonyl compounds under mild oxidized to benzaldehyde via this process.
reaction conditions.
Additionally, several experiments were performed to verify
the above assumption of the reaction mechanism. When the
reaction solvent of water was replaced with NaF aqueous
solution (0.2 mol/l), a scavenger for hydrogen bond of amino
groups, the conversion of benzyl alcohol significantly
Proposed reaction mechanism
Based on the above results, a possible reaction mechanism for
3 3 4
the catalytic oxidation of alcohols over WO /g-C N was
decreased from 98.6% to 65.2% in 3 h (Table 2, entry 10). It is
–
because the F ions can access to NH
proposed, and illustrated in Scheme 1. On the one hand,
benzyl alcohol molecules with hydroxyl groups ( OH) are
2
and
NH groups on
the surface of g-C N nanosheets more easily to generate more
3 4
strong F···NH interactions than that of O ions to generate
adsorbed on the surface of g-C
interaction with its terminal amino groups ( NH
NH), meanwhile, the graphene-like structure of g-C
3 4
N through the hydrogen-bond
2
–
2
and
6
0
O···NH interactions. Consequently, the adsorption of reactant
molecules was impeded and the catalytic activity dropped
obviously, this finding suggests that the terminal amino groups
of g-C N play a crucial role in the selective oxidation of
3
N
4
benefits
to the adsorption of benzyl alcohol molecules owing to the
3
0,55
effect of π-character.
nanoflakes decorated on the g-C
exposed active sites, H is activated by the distributed WO
3
On the other hand, leaf-like WO
3
3
4
3 4
N
surface to give more
alcohols, and the g-C N can be considered as a prominent
3
4
2
O
2
support for WO3 nanoflakes and a co-catalyst as well.
Moreover, to elucidate the effect of π-character and a metal-
like d-band electronic structure of the N-neighboring carbon of
g-C N , 3WO /activated carbon catalyst without π conjugated
nanoflakes to generate the active reaction oxygen species. It is
generally supposed that the WO species firstly reacts with
3
H2O2 molecule to form a peroxo complex (active oxygen
species), which then interacts with benzyl alcohol to give an
3
4
3
5
6,57 system and N-neighboring carbon was used in the present
oxidation reaction, and only moderate conversion and
selectivity to target product were achieved (Table 2, entry 8).
Therefore, the π-character and d-band electronic structure of
g-C N , which can accelerate the reaction of active oxygen
intermediate and finally generates the desired product.
Besides, the N-neighboring carbon of g-C N owns a metal-like
3
4
d-band electronic structure and makes the adjacent carbon
more capable to host the formation of reaction oxygen
5
8,59
3
4
species.
Subsequently, the adsorbed reactant molecules
species and reactants, are also imperative to the present
catalytic system.
easily transfer to the active sites (tungsten species) and react
Conclusions
In summary, an efficient and green heterogeneous catalytic
system for the selective oxidation of alcohols using H
aqueous media was developed. The well-defined catalyst with
leaf-like WO nanoflakes decorated on g-C was prepared
2 2
O in
3
3 4
N
via a facile impregnation and subsequent annealing method. It
was found that the dramatically enhanced catalytic activity
were ascribed to the well-defined nanostructure, the
increased exposed active sites, and the strong interactions
between WO
3
and g-C
3
N
4
. Additionally, XPS analysis confirmed
to WO , and
the existence of electron transfer from g-C
3
N
4
3
Scheme 1 Possible reaction mechanism for the selective oxidation
HRTEM suggested that a clear integrated interface between
3 3 4
of alcohols over the WO /g-C N catalysts.
8
| J. Name., 2012, 00, 1-3
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 20xx
Please do not adjust margins

Page 9 of 11
Pl Ne ae swe Jdoo u nr no at l ao df j Cu sh te mm ai sr tgr iyn s
View Article Online
DOI: 10.1039/C8NJ03328E
Journal Name
ARTICLE
them was formed. On the other hand, besides affording 20 B. Ballarin, D. Barreca, E. Boanini, M. C. Cassani, P.
Dambruoso, A. Massi, A. Mignani, D. Nanni, C. Parise and A.
superior conversion and selectivity to desired products, the
Zaghi, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2017, 5, 4746−4756.
1 Q. Wang, X. Cai, Y. Liu, J. Xie, Y. Zhou and J. Wang, Appl.
Catal., B, 2016, 189, 242–251.
proposed catalytic system features a wide substrate scope for
both aryl and alkyl alcohols. The catalyst can be easily
2
regenerated and no obvious loss in catalytic activity was found 22 C. Parmeggiani and F. Cardona, Green Chem., 2012, 14
,
547
−564.
after seven cycles. Consequently, the present catalytic reaction
system might offer a sustainable and cost-effective process for
the selective oxidation of various alcohols to corresponding
2
2
3 V. D. Makwana, Y. C. Son, A. R. Howell and S. L. Suib, J.
Catal., 2002, 210, 46–52.
4 B. Sarmah, R. Srivastava, P. Manjunathan and G. V.
carbonyl compounds over
composite catalyst.
a
3 3 4
well-defined WO /g-C N
Shanbhag, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2015,
25 S. Xiao, C. Zhang, R. Chen and F. Chen, New J. Chem., 2015,
, 4924–4932.
6 C. Bai, A. Li, X. Yao, H. Liu and Y. Li, Green Chem., 2016, 18
061–1069.
3, 2933–2943.
3
9
2
2
,
1
Conflicts of interest
7 M. J. Muñoz-Batista, A. Kubacka, R. Rachwalik, B. Bachiller-
Baeza and M. Fernández-García, J. Catal., 2014, 309, 428–
There are no conflicts to declare.
4
38.
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
8 R. Abe, H. Takami, N. Murakami and B. Ohtani, J. Am. Chem.
Soc., 2008, 130, 7780–7781.
9 Y. Peng, W. Si, X. Li, J. Chen, J. Li, J. Crittenden and J. Hao,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 2016, 50, 9576–9582.
0 J. Ding, Q. Liu, Z. Zhang, X. Liu, J. Zhao, S. Cheng, B. Zong and
W. Dai, Appl. Catal., B, 2015, 165, 511–518.
1 F. He, G. Chen, Y. Yu, S. Hao, Y. Zhou and Y. Zheng, ACS Appl.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory
of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology
(No. 2017E10001), Zhejiang Province (China).
Mater. Interfaces, 2014, 6
, 7171−7179.
2 W. J. Ong, L. L. Tan, S. P. Chai, S. T. Yong and A. R. Mohamed,
Nano Energy, 2015, 13, 757−770.
3 M. J. Muñoz-Batista, A. Kubacka and M. Fernández-García,
References
1
J. Wang, L. Tang, G. Zeng, Y. Liu, Y. Zhou, Y. Deng, J. Wang
and B. Peng, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2017,
062−1072.
P. Zhang, Y. Gong, H. Li, Z. Chen and Y. Wang, Nat. Commun.,
013, , 1593.
M. Joe Ndolomingo and R. Meijboom, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2017,
98, 19–32.
J. M. Hoover, B. L. Ryland and S. S. Stahl, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,
013, 135, 2357–2367.
Catal. Sci. Technol., 2014,
4 J.Li, H. Hao , J. Zhou and Z. Zhu, New J. Chem., 2016, 40
638−9647.
5 J. Fu, J. Yu, C. Jiang and B. Cheng, Adv. Energy Mater., 2018,
, 1701503.
4
, 2006−2015.
5
,
,
1
9
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
1
2
4
8
6 K. Katsumata, R. Motoyoshi, N. Matsushita and K. Okada, J.
Hazard. Mater., 2013, 260, 475–482.
7 W. Yu, J. Chen, T. Shang, L. Chen, L. Gu and T. Peng, Appl.
Catal., B, 2017, 219, 693–704.
8 T. Xiao, Z. Tang, Y. Yang, L. Tang, Y. Zhou and Z. Zou, Appl.
Catal., B, 2018, 220, 417–428.
9 X. Wang, K. Maeda, A. Thomas, K. Takanabe, G. Xin, J.
3
2
S. E. Dapurkar, H. Kawanami, T. M. Suzuki, T. Yokoyama and
Y. Ikushima, Chemistry Letters, 2008, 37, 150–151.
C. Aellig, C. Girard and I. Hermans, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.,
2
011, 50, 12355–12360.
M. Ghobadifard and S. Mohebbi, New J. Chem., 2018, 42
530–9542.
R. Nie, J. Shi, W. Du, W. Ning, Z. Hou and F. Xiao, J. Mater.
Chem. A, 2013, , 9037–9045.
Carlsson, K. Domen and M. Antonietti, Nat. Mater., 2009,
6–80.
0 R. Zhao, X. Li, J. Su and X. Gao, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2017, 392
10–816.
8
,
,
,
7
9
4
4
4
4
4
4
8
1
1 L. Huang, H. Xu, Y. Li, H. Li, X. Cheng, J. Xia, Y. Xu and G. Cai,
Dalton Trans., 2013, 42, 8606–8616.
2 Z. Huang, F. Li, B. Chen and G. Yuan, Catal. Sci. Technol.,
M. Li, S. Wu, X. Yang, J. Hu, L. Peng, L. Bai, Q. Huo and J.
Guan, Appl. Catal., A, 2017, 543, 61–66.
0 B. Zhang, J. Li, Y. Gao, R. Chong, Z. Wang, L. Guo, X. Zhang
and C. Li, J. Catal., 2017, 345, 96–103.
1 M. T. Raisanen, A. A. Hunaiti, E. Atosuo, M. Kemell, M.
2
016, 6, 2942–2948.
3 J. Zhang, M. Zhang, L. Lin and X. Wang, Angew. Chem., Int.
Ed., 2015, 54, 6297–6301.
4 J. Wen, J. Xie, Z. Yang, R. Shen, H. Li, X. Luo, X. Chen and X. Li,
ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2017, 5, 2224–2236.
5 D. J. Martin, K. Qiu, S. A. Shevlin, A. D. Handoko, X. Chen, Z.
Guo and J. Tang, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2014, 53, 9240–
Leskela and T. Repo., Catal. Sci. Technol., 2014,
573.
2 J. Yu, Y. Luan, Y. Qi, J. Hou, W. Dong, M. Yang and G. Wang,
RSC Adv., 2014, , 55028–55035.
3 F. Rajabi, A. Pineda, S. Naserian, A. M. Balu, R. Luque and A.
A. Romero, Green Chem., 2013, 15, 1232–1237.
4 C. Xu, L. Zhang, Y. An, X. Wang, G. Xu, Y. Chen and L. Dai,
Appl. Catal., A, 2018, 558, 26–33.
5 S. Ghosh, S. S. Acharyya, T. Sasaki and R. Bal, Green Chem.,
4, 2564–
2
1
1
1
1
4
9
245.
6 W. Zhu, F. Sun, R. Goei and Y. Zhou, Catal. Sci. Technol.,
017, , 2591–2600.
7 P. Yang, J. Zhao, J. Wang, B. Cao, L. Li and Z. Zhu, J. Mater.
Chem. A, 2015, , 8256–8259.
4
4
4
2
7
3
2
6 R. A. Sheldon, Catal. Today, 2015, 247, 4–13.
7 T. Matsumoto, M. Ueno, N. Wang and S. Kobayashi, Chem.
015, 17, 1867–1876.
8 I. Majeed, U. Manzoor, F. K. Kanodarwala, M. A. Nadeem, E.
Hussain, H. Ali, A. Badshah, J. A. Stride and M. A. Nadeem,
1
1
Catal. Sci. Technol., 2018,
9 J. Mao, Q. Zhang, P. Li, L. Zhang and W. Zhang, Chem. Eng. J.,
108, 334, 2568–2578.
0 J. Ding, L. Zhang, Q. Liu, W. Dai and G. Guan, Appl. Catal., B,
017, 203, 335–342.
8, 1183–1193.
Asian J., 2008,
8 V. R. Choudhary and D. K. Dumbre, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.,
009, 48, 9471–9478.
9 J. Sun, Y. Han, H. Fu, X. Qu, Z. Xu and S. Zheng, Chem. Eng. J.,
017, 313, 1−9.
3, 196−214.
4
5
1
1
2
2
2
2
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 20xx
J. Name., 2013, 00, 1-3 | 9
Please do not adjust margins

Please do not adjust margins
New Journal of Chemistry
Page 10 of 11
View Article Online
DOI: 10.1039/C8NJ03328E
ARTICLE
1 X. Liu, A. Jin, Y. Jia, T. Xia, C. Deng, M. Zhu, C. Chen and X.
Chen, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2017, 405, 359–371.
2 J. Tong, W. Li, L. Bo, H. Wang, Y. Hu, Z. Zhang and A.
Mahboob, J. Catal., 2016, 344, 474–481.
3 C. Chen, J. Xu, Q. Zhang, H. Ma, H. Miao and L. Zhou, J. Phys.
Chem. C, 2009, 113, 2855–2860.
4 B. Karimi, F. B. Rostami, M. Khorasani, D. Elhamifar and H.
Vali, Tetrahedron, 2014, 70, 6114–6119.
5 X. Kong, Z. Sun, M. Chen, C. Chen and Q. Chen, Energy
Journal Name
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
Environ. Sci., 2013, 6, 3260–3266.
6 G. Lu, X. Li, Z. Qu, Q. Zhao, H. Li, Y. Shen and G. Chen, Chem.
Eng. J., 2010, 159, 242–246.
7 M. P. Chaudhari and S. B. Sawant, Chem. Eng. J., 2005, 106
1
,
11–118.
8 X. Yang, W. Dai, R. Gao, H. Chen, H. Li, Y. Cao and K. Fan, J.
Mol. Catal. A, 2005, 241, 205–214.
9 W. Li, Y. Gao, W. Chen, P. Tang, W. Li, Z. Shi, D. Su, J. Wang
and D. Ma, ACS Catal., 2014, 4, 1261–1266.
0 E. Haque, J. W. Jun, S. N. Talapaneni, A. Vinu and S. H. Jhung,
J. Mater. Chem., 2010, 20, 10801–10803.
1
0 | J. Name., 2012, 00, 1-3
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 20xx
Please do not adjust margins

Page 11 of 11
New Journal of Chemistry
View Article Online
DOI: 10.1039/C8NJ03328E
Table of Contents Entry
Selective oxidation of aryl and alkyl alcohols with H
by a well-defined WO /g-C composite.
2 2
O in aqueous media catalyzed
3
3 4
N