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| CAS No.: | 9004-10-8 |
|---|---|
| Name: | Insulin |
| Molecular Structure: | |
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| Formula: | C256H381N65O77S6 |
| Molecular Weight: | 5793.54000 |
| Synonyms: | Decurvon;Dermulin;Endopancrine;Exubera;HMR 4006;Iletin;Insular;Insulin Injection;Insulyl;Intesulin B;Iszilin;Musulin; |
| EINECS: | 235-703-3 |
| Density: | 1.09 g/cm3 |
| Melting Point: | 233 °C |
| Safety: | Poison by intravenous route. An experimental teratogen. Other experimental reproductive effects. Human systemic effects: distorted perceptions, hallucinations, somnolence. Human mutation data reported. A hormone which regulates sugar metabolism. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx and SOx. |
| PSA: | 2450.87000 |
| LogP: | 4.81770 |
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History
In 1889, the Polish-German physician Oscar Minkowski in collaboration with Joseph von Mering removed the pancreas from a healthy dog to test its assumed role in digestion. The result was establishing for the first time a relationship between the pancreas and diabetes. In 1901, another major step was taken by Eugene Opie, when he clearly established the link between the Islets of Langerhans and diabetes.
Over the next two decades, several attempts were made to isolate whatever it was the islets produced as a potential treatment.
Nicolae Paulescu, a professor of physiology at the University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Bucharest was the first one to isolate Insulin (CAS NO.9004-10-8), which he called at that time pancrein, and published in 1921 the work that he had carried out in Bucharest.
On January 11, 1922, Leonard Thompson, a 14-year-old diabetic who lay dying at the Toronto General Hospital, was given the first injection of Insulin .
Purified animal-sourced insulin was the only type of insulin available to diabetics until genetic breakthroughs occurred later with medical research. The amino-acid structure of insulin was characterized in the 1950s and the first genetically-engineered, synthetic "human" insulin was produced in a laboratory in 1977 by Genentech using E. coli. Partnering with Genentech, Eli Lilly went on in 1982 to sell the first commercially available biosynthetic human insulin under the brand name Humulin. The vast majority of insulin currently used worldwide is now biosynthetic recombinant "human" insulin or its analogs.
Specification
Insulin(CAS NO.9004-10-8), its Synonyms are Insulin injection; AERx; AERx[Insulin management system]; Actrapid; Actrapid HM; Actrapid MC; Endopancrine; Exubera; Injectable insulini neutrale; Insular; Insulin injection; Insulin, dalanated; Insulin, labeled with iodine-131. Insulin, a hormone, plays a key role in catalyzing the processes by which glucose (carbohydrates) furnishes energy or is stored in the body as glycogen or fat. The absence of Insulin not only interrupts these processes, but produces depression of essential functions and, in extreme cases, even death. Insulin protein is characterized by a high sulfur content in the form of cystine and it is unstable in alkaline solution.
Preparation of Insulin: Insulin is isolated from the pancreas of beef or pigs and by extraction with acidified alcohol, followed by purification. In the process, the crude alcoholic extract is run from two strong extraction-centrifuge units into a collection tank from which the extract is neutralized with ammonia and filter aid added. In a continuous precoat drum filter, the cake is sepa-rated and washed, the clear liquor going to the reacidification tank. In evaporators, the first stage removes alcohol, with subsequent waste-fat separation. The extract goes to a chill tank, with filter aid added, through a filter press and into the second evaporator. From the second evaporator, the concentrated extract is filtered and conducted to the first salting-out tank, followed by filter-press filtration with filtrate to sewer and salt cake to purification for the second salting out. The second-salting-out product is crystallized twice to furnish Iletin (insulin) crystals.
The toxicity data is as follows:
| Organism | Test Type | Route | Reported Dose (Normalized Dose) | Effect | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| child | TDLo | intravenous | 313ug/kg (.313mg/kg) | BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY) BEHAVIORAL: "HALLUCINATIONS, DISTORTED PERCEPTIONS" | Pediatrics. Vol. 81, Pg. 526, 1988. |
| mouse | LD50 | intravenous | 6300units/kg (6300units/kg) | Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Vol. 118, Pg. 756, 1965. |