Chemical Property of Minoxidil
Chemical Property:
- Appearance/Colour:White crystalline powder
- Vapor Pressure:0mmHg at 25°C
- Melting Point:272-274 °C (dec.)(lit.)
- Refractive Index:1.724
- Boiling Point:351.7 °C at 760 mmHg
- PKA:4.61(at 25℃)
- Flash Point:166.5 °C
- PSA：91.16000
- Density:1.52 g/cm3
- LogP:0.91830
- Storage Temp.:Store at RT
- Solubility.:Slightly soluble in water, soluble in methanol and in propylene glycol.
- Water Solubility.:Soluble in water (2.2 mg/ml), 100% ethanol (29 mg/ml), propylene glycol, acetone, DMSO (6.5 mg/ml), and methanol.
- XLogP3:1.2
- Hydrogen Bond Donor Count:3
- Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count:3
- Rotatable Bond Count:1
- Exact Mass:209.12766012
- Heavy Atom Count:15
- Complexity:329
- Purity/Quality:
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99% *data from raw suppliers
PDP *data from reagent suppliers
Safty Information:
- Pictogram(s):
Xn, 
T+
- Hazard Codes:Xn,T+
- Statements:
22-36/37/38-26/27/28
- Safety Statements:
26-36-45-36/37/39-22
- MSDS Files:
-
SDS file from LookChem
Total 1 MSDS from other Authors
Useful:
- Drug Classes:Antihypertensive Agents
- Canonical SMILES:C1CCN(CC1)C2=NC(=N)N(C(=C2)N)O
- Recent ClinicalTrials:Bioavailability Clinical Trial of Oral Minoxidil 1 mg
- Recent EU Clinical Trials:A Phase 2, multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blind, Minoxidil and vehicle controlled, dose-ranging study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of CB-03-01 (Cortexolone 17α-propionate) solution for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in females
- Recent NIPH Clinical Trials:Investigation of therapy for congenital hypotrichosis and woolly hair
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Chemical Structure and Formulation
Minoxidil is a piperidino-pyrimidine derivative with the chemical structure: 2,6-diamino-4-piperidinopyrimidine-1-oxide. It is formulated as a solution containing inactive ingredients such as water, ethanol, and propylene glycol to enhance solubility.
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Mechanism of Action
Acts as a potent arteriolar vasodilator by opening potassium channels on smooth muscles of peripheral arteries, leading to hyperpolarization of the cell membrane.
Widens blood vessels and opens potassium channels, allowing more oxygen, blood, and nutrients to reach the hair follicles.
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History and Development
Developed by the Upjohn Company in the late 1950s initially for treating ulcers but later found to be a powerful vasodilator. FDA approved minoxidil in 1979 to treat high blood pressure in oral tablet form under the brand name "Loniten". In 1988, FDA approved 2% topical minoxidil (known as Rogaine) for male pattern baldness (androgenetic alopecia) treatment, and in 1992, its use was approved for female pattern hair loss.
Minoxidil is the only topical drug approved for both male and female pattern hair loss treatment in the US. Approved over-the-counter (OTC) at a maximum concentration of 5%.
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Clinical Use
Acts through multiple pathways including vasodilation, anti-inflammatory effects, induction of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and antiandrogenic activity. Approximately 1.4% of topical minoxidil is absorbed through the skin, and it is metabolized to minoxidil sulfate, the active form.
Needs to be applied regularly once or twice daily for hair regrowth maintenance. Can cause increased hair loss initially due to synchronization of the hair cycle induced by treatment.
