10.1016/j.tet.2006.12.082
The research focuses on the molecular engineering of organic dyes containing the N-aryl carbazole moiety for application in solar cells, specifically dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The purpose of this study was to design and synthesize novel organic dyes that could overcome the limitations of low conversion efficiency and operational stability often associated with organic dyes in DSSCs, as compared to metal-based complexes. The researchers aimed to develop alternative, highly efficient organic dyes that could potentially rival the performance of ruthenium complexes, which are known for their high efficiency but are prohibitively expensive. In the process, various chemicals were used, including 2-iodo-9,9-dimethylfluorene, 3-iodocarbazole, 1-bromo-4-(2,2-diphenylvinyl)benzene, and (2-thienylmethyl)triphenylphosphonium bromide, which were synthesized using modified procedures from previous references. Other chemicals involved in the synthesis steps included tributyl(thiophen-2-yl)stannane, Pd(PPh3)4, copper bronze, potassium carbonate, 18-crown-6, n-butyl lithium, cyanoacetic acid, piperidine, rhodanine-3-acetic acid, and ammonium acetate, among others. These chemicals were utilized in a series of reactions such as coupling, lithiation, and condensation to synthesize the target dyes, which were then tested for their photovoltaic performance in DSSCs.
10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.03.066
The research aims to develop selective anion receptors that utilize weak C-H hydrogen bonds, with a focus on phosphinate receptors. Phosphinates are significant in nature due to their association with metabolic diseases and conditions like obesity, NASH, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes. The researchers designed and synthesized three receptors (1, 2, and 3) that utilize both amide N-H and alpha C-H (Cα-H) to the carbonyl group, differing in the substituent group attached to the alpha carbon, which affects the polarity of the CαH bond and thus the strength of association with anion guests. The study concluded that host 3, with a positively charged pyridinium group, showed the highest binding affinity due to the increased polarity of the Cα-H bond, demonstrating the importance of C-H hydrogen bonding as a modulating element for anionic recognition. Key chemicals used in the synthesis include 1,2-phenylenediamine, acetic acid, cyanoacetic acid, chloroacetyl chloride, pyridine, and various anions for testing, such as dimethyl phosphinate, benzoate, nitrite, and others.
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