Substituents on the chalcone/flavanone scaffold can be either electron-withdrawing or electron-donating. Electron-withdrawing substituents, such as nitro or cyano groups, tend to stabilize the enone form of chalcones and promote keto-enol tautomerization. Electron-donating groups, such as methoxy or alkyl groups, can have the opposite effect. The choice of substituents can influence the position of the equilibrium between the keto and enol tautomers.
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