The Knoevenagel reaction is typically initiated by the condensation of an aldehyde or ketone (A) with an active methylene compound (B), such as malononitrile, ethyl cyanoacetate, or a similar compound. The reaction is catalyzed by a base, often sodium ethoxide or sodium methoxide. The reaction proceeds to form an α,β-unsaturated compound, often a conjugated enone.
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