100-42-5

Basic information

• Product Name: Phenylethene
• Synonyms: Styrene(8CI);Cinnamene;Ethenylbenzene;NSC 62785;Phenethylene;Phenylethene;Phenylethylene;Styrol;Styrole;Styrolene;Styropol SO;TTB 7302;Vinylbenzene;Vinylbenzol
• CAS NO: 100-42-5
• Molecular Formula: C₈H₈
• Molecular Weight: 104.14912
• EINECS: 202-851-5
• Mol File: 100-42-5.mol
• Article Data: 1443

Chemical Properties

• Melting Point: -31℃
• Boiling Point: 145.159 °C at 760 mmHg
• Flash Point: 31.105 °C
• Appearance: colorless, oily liquid with aroma odour
• Density: 0.903 g/cm³
• Vapor Pressure: 6.21mmHg at 25°C
• Refractive Index: 1.557
• Water Solubility: 0.3 g/L (20℃)
• CAS DataBase Reference: Phenylethene(CAS DataBase Reference)
• NIST Chemistry Reference: Phenylethene(100-42-5)
• EPA Substance Registry System: Phenylethene(100-42-5)

Safety Data

• Hazard Codes: Xn:Harmful
• Statements: R10:; R20:; R36/38:
• Safety Statements: S23:
• RIDADR: 2055
• HazardClass: 3
• PackingGroup: III
• Hazardous Substances Data: 100-42-5(Hazardous Substances Data)

Usage

General Description

Phenylethene, also known as Styrene or vinyl benzene, is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that is primarily used as a monomer in producing polystyrene plastics and resins. It is a colorless liquid with a unique sweet smell and has the chemical formula C8H8. It is very reactive due to the carbon-carbon double bond and is also flammable. Prolonged exposure to phenylethene is hazardous and can cause harmful effects on the skin, eyes, and respiratory system. It is also identified as a possible human carcinogen in its gas or vapor state by several health organizations due to its ability to cause cancer.

InChI:InChI=1/C8H8/c1-2-8-6-4-3-5-7-8/h2-7H,1H2

Synthetic route

(C5H5)(CO)RhC + (eta.5-C5Me5)2ScCH3 (99707-15-0) → Cp(CO)RhC(CH3)OSc(C5Me5)2 (100-42-5)

Conditions	Yield
In benzene-d6 mixing in an NMR tube; not isolated, characterized spectroscopically;

Upstream product

• 110-86-1 pyridine 
• 622-24-2 2-phenylethyl chloride 
• 689-97-4 3-buten-1-yne 
• 67-56-1 methanol 
• 75-15-0 carbon disulfide 
• 98-85-1 1-Phenylethanol 
• 3144-16-9 (1S)-10-camphorsulfonic acid 
• 56-23-5 tetrachloromethane 
• 27846-25-9 1-phenyl-2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethane 
• 64-17-5 ethanol 
• 141-52-6 sodium ethanolate 
• 111-34-2 -butyl vinyl ether 
• 60-29-7 diethyl ether 
• 15507-13-8 Sulfuric acid monobutyl ester 

Downstream Products

• 3164-46-3 1-(2-phenylethyl)aziridine 
• 13865-49-1 [2-(phenylsulfanyl)ethyl]benzene 
• 949-01-9 1-(morpholin-4-yl)-2-phenylethanethione 
• 162892-39-9 2,4-diphenyl-1,4-butanesultone 
• 412344-52-6 4,8-diphenyl-[1,5,2,6]dioxadithiocane-2,2,6,6-tetraoxide 
• 13912-65-7 4-(2,5-dioxotetrahydrofuran-3-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride 
• 772-65-6 (2-phenylethyl)methyldichlorosilane 
• 7282-39-5 (1-phenyl-ethyl)methyldichlorosilane 
• 57308-70-0 2-iodo-1-phenylethan-1-ol 
• 13684-98-5 2-methoxy-2-phenylethyl iodide 
• 3898-26-8 2-chloro-1-phenyl-1-methoxyethane 
• 4013-34-7 3-phenyl-2-oxabutane 
• 52763-05-0 (2-chloro-1-phenyl-ethyl)-propyl ether 
• 29492-95-3 6,7-diphenyl-dodecane 

Relevant articles and documents

PARTIAL HYDROGENATION OF ACETYLENES ON MODIFIED NICKEL BORIDE CATALYSTS.

It is shown that Ni-B catalysts modified with a small amount of copper(II) salt have a hgher selectivity than palladium and modified Raney nickel catalysts for partial hydrogenation of phenylacetylene, 1-heptyne, 1-ethynylcyclohexene, and propargyl alcoho

Defect-site promoted surface reorganization in nanocrystalline ceria for the low-temperature activation of ethylbenzene

Defect-site enriched nanocrystalline ceria prepared by an alcoholysis method favors oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene using nitrous oxide with high conversion and selectivity at much lower temperatures compared to ceria samples prepared by other c

The reactivity of ketyl and alkyl radicals in reactions with carbonyl compounds

A parabolic model of bimolecular radical reactions was used for analysis of the hydrogen transfer reactions of ketyl radicals: >C+OH + R1COR2 → >C=O + R1R2C+OH. The parameters describing the reactivity of the reagents were calculated from the experimental data. The parameters that characterize the reactions of ketyl and alkyl radicals as hydrogen donors with olefins and with carbonyl compounds were obtained: >C+OH + R1CH=CH2 → >C=O + R1C+ HCH3; >R1CH=CH2 + R2C+HCH2R3 → R2C+HCH3 + R2CH=CHR3. These parameters were used to calculate the activation energies of these transformations. The kinetic parameters of reactions of hydrogen abstraction by free radicals and molecules (aldehydes, ketones, and quinones) from the C-H and O-H bonds were compared.

Mercury in Organic Chemistry. 25. Rhodium(I)-Catalyzed Alkenylation of Arylmercurials

Arylmercurials and vinyl halides are catalytically cross-coupled to aryl olefins in fair to good yields by 10percent ClRh(PPh3)3.This reaction appears to proceed through an arylvinylrhodium(III) intermediate.

An ionic compound containing Ru(III)-complex cation and phosphotungstate anion as the efficient and recyclable catalyst for clean aerobic oxidation of alcohols

A novel ionic compound (3, [RuCl4(L)2] 3PW12O40) containing the Ru(III)-complex cation and α-Keggin-type phosphotungstate anion was synthesized and proven to be the efficient catalyst for aerobic oxidations of alcohols free of base and nitroxyl radical. Specially, 3 could be reused at least five runs without obvious activity loss. The stability of 3 was dramatically improved due to the incorporation of [PW12O40]3 - as the counter-anions, leading to its available recyclability.

Anhydrous Copper(II) Sulfate: An Efficient Catalyst for the Liquid-Phase Dehydration of Alcohols

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Thermal Ring-Splitting Reactions of Diarylcyclobutanes: Significance of Steric Effects on Orbital Interactions in Transition States and Biradical Intermediates

Regiochemistry and rectivities in the thermal ring-splitting reactions of diarylcyclobutanes (1-5) have been studied and shown to depend on the stable conformations and rotational mobilities of the aryl substituents.The reactions of 1 and 2 result in a regiospecific symmetric cleavage to give indene or styrene along with significant isomerization of 2 to 3.In the cases of 3-5 both the symmetric and unsymmetric cleavages competitively occur with decreasing symmetric-to-unsymmetric ratios with an increase in methyl substitution.The olefin products from 4 are mixtures of cis- and trans-2-butene, cis- and trans-β-methylstyrene, and trans-stilbene.Thermochemical analyses combined with product analyses indicate that the symetric cleavage of 1 and the unsymmetric cleavage of 3 proceed with a concerted mechanism, whereas 1,4-biradicals are involved in the other reactions.Structure-reactivity relationships of the present reactions are discussed in terms of mixing of the ?* character in a bonding MO by specific ?-?* interactions, depending on the conformational situations of the aryl groups and in terms of the steric effects which destabilize 1,4-biradicals as well as transition states of the biradical fragmentation to the olefins.

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New Ruthenium-Molybdenum and -Tungsten Heterodinuclear Complexes with trans-Styryl Ligand

New styryl ruthenium-molybdenum and -tungsten complexes Cp(CO)3M-Ru (trans-styryl)(CO)(PPh3)2 have been prepared by the metathetical reactions of Ru(trans-styryl)Cl(CO)(PPh3)2 with Na.The reactions of 2 with CO and with PMe3

Palladium-catalyzed convenient one-pot synthesis of multi-substituted 2-pyrones via transesterification and alkenylation of enynoates

An efficient one-pot protocol for the synthesis of multi-substituted 2-pyrone derivatives from internal alkynes and unactivated alkenes is reported. The methodology involves difunctionalization of internal alkynes by using Pd(II) as a catalyst alongwith X-Phos as ligand via 6-endo transesterification and subsequent alkenylation pathway. Notable features include simple and easily available starting materials, including a range of unactivated alkenes, reduced synthetic steps and mild reaction conditions with high efficiency.

Atomic layer deposition of aluminium on anatase: A solid acid catalyst with remarkable performances for alcohol dehydration

Here we reported the synthesis of Al sites with ultra-high dispersion on anatase by an atomic layer deposition (ALD) method (ALD-Al/TiO2), which exhibits Br?nsted acidity and satisfactory activity in the dehydration of alcohols, a key step in the deoxygenation of biomass. More importantly, the ALD-Al/TiO2 catalyst has good stability, which is sintering-resistant and gives constant catalytic performances after treatments at high temperature.

Readily recyclable catalysts of zeolite nanoparticles linked with polymer chains

Aggregates of zeolite nanoparticles were linked together with polypropylene oxide or polydimethylsiloxane polymer chains, and were used as catalysts for liquid-phase reactions. The polymer-linked catalysts showed high catalytic activity in esterification of acetic acid with 1-propanol and hydrolysis of ethyl acetate, and were readily separated from reaction mixtures by decantation. Moreover, the linkage with the polymer chains enhanced shape selectivity in esterification of acetic acid with cyclohexanol and dehydration of 1-phenylethanol because of passivating the external acid sites of the zeolite with the polymer.

Liquid-phase dehydration of 1-phenylethanol to styrene over sulfonated D-glucose catalyst

Dehydration of 1-phenylethanol to produce styrene has been studied in liquid phase without any solvent with carbon-based solid acid catalysts prepared in one step from renewable resources like d-glucose for the first time. The carbon-based catalyst shows

Phosphine and N-heterocyclic carbene ligands on Pt(II) shift selectivity from ethylene hydrophenylation toward benzene vinylation

Abstract A series of Pt(II) complexes of the type ([(L～L)Pt(L′)(Ph)][BAr′4] (L～L = 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, (N-pyrrolyl)2P(CH2)2P(N-pyrrolyl)2, 1,3-bis(diphe

Pyrolysis of Ethylbenzene

The pyrolysis of ethylbenzene has been studied using a static reactor.At low conversion hydrogen and styrene are the major products together with methane, toluene, ethylene, ethane and benzene plus traces of higher molecular-weight hydrocarbons.The pyroly

Catalytic reactions of samarium(II) iodide

A system for in situ regeneration of SmI2 from SmI3 is described which allows the annulation of ketones to γ-lactones, the deoxygenation of oxiranes to olefins and radical π-cyclization to be conducted with 10 mole % SmI2.

β-Cyclodextrin as a Molecular Reaction Vessel: Reactions of Included Phenylmethyldiazirine

Phenylmethyldiazirine forms a stable, solid complex with β-cyclodextrin.The diazirine was decomposed by pyrolysis or irradiation of the complex, and the reaction products were analyzed.The major volatile products consist of the isomeric 1,2-diphenyl-1-methylcyclopropanes.Under photolytic conditions a significant amount of styrene also is formed.The selectivity for trans isomer formation is 10 times greater from the CD complex than from the neat state.Carbene insertion products with β-cyclodextrin are formed under both reaction conditions.The product distributions are explained by cage and shape-selective effects exerted by β-cyclodextrin.

Reduction of Organic Halides with Diethyl Phosphonate and Triethylamine

Reduction of organic halides with diethyl phosphonate and triethylamine is surveyed.

CARBONYLATIVE CROSS-COUPLING REACTION OF ARYL IODIDES WITH ALKYLALUMINUMS BY PALLADIUM COMPLEX CATALYSIS

Secondary and/or tertiary alcohols and unsymmetrical ketones have been obtained in moderate to good yields by palladium-catalyzed (5 molpercent) carbonylative coupling of aryl iodides with alkylaluminum compounds under very mild conditions (20-50 deg C, 1 atm of carbon monoxide).The type of th reaction product depended on the aluminum reagent employed.While the selective formation of secondary alcohols was observed in the reaction with i-Bu3Al, the use of Et3Al led to a mixture of a ketone and two alcoholic products.With Et2AlCl predominantly unsymmetrical ketones were produced.In all cases, formation of directly cross-coupled products was not observed.DME and benzene can be used as solvents, but THF is unsuitable.Nickel catalysts were found to be ineffective for this reaction.

Protophilic versus Silicophilic Reactions in β-Substituted Silanes

Reactivity in β-eliminations mediated by nucleophilic attack at silicon has been measured as a function of nucleophile, leaving group, and α-substituent; in some instances competition between protophilic and silicophilic reactions is observed.

Mechanistic Studies of Single-Step Styrene Production Catalyzed by Rh Complexes with Diimine Ligands: An Evaluation of the Role of Ligands and Induction Period

Studies of catalytic benzene alkenylation using different diimine ligated Rh(I) acetate complexes and Cu(OAc)2 as the oxidant revealed statistically identical results in terms of activity and product selectivity. Under ethylene pressure, two representative diimine ligated rhodium(I) acetate complexes were demonstrated to exchange the diimine ligand with ethylene rapidly to form [Rh(μ-OAc)(??2-C2H4)2]2 and free diimine. Thus, it was concluded that diimine ligands are not likely coordinated to the active Rh catalysts under catalytic conditions. At 150 °C under catalytic conditions using commercial Cu(OAc)2 as the oxidant, [Rh(μ-OAc)(??2-C2H4)2]2 undergoes rapid decomposition to form catalytically inactive and insoluble Rh species, followed by gradual dissolution of the insoluble Rh to form the soluble Rh, which is active for styrene production. Thus, the observed induction period under some conditions is likely due to the formation of insoluble Rh (rapid), followed by redissolution of the Rh (slow). The Rh decomposition process can be suppressed and the catalytically active Rh species maintained by using soluble Cu(II) oxidants or Cu(OAc)2 that has been preheated. In such cases, an induction period is not observed.

Use of Kinetic Isotope Effects in Mechanism Studies. 3. Measurements of Hydrogen Isotope Effects on the Primary Chlorine Effect during Elimination Reactions

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Selective Semi-Hydrogenation of Terminal Alkynes Promoted by Bimetallic Cu-Pd Nanoparticles

The selective semi-hydrogenation of terminal alkynes was efficiently performed, under mild reaction conditions (H 2 balloon, 110 °C), promoted by a bimetallic nanocatalyst composed of copper and palladium nanoparticles (5:1 weight ratio) supported on mesostructured silica (MCM-48). The Cu-PdNPS@MCM-48 catalyst, which demonstrated to be highly chemoselective towards the alkyne functionality, is readily prepared from commercial materials and can be recovered and reused after thermal treatment followed by reduction under H 2 atmosphere.

Electrochemically supported deoxygenation of epoxides into alkenes in aqueous solution

An efficient synthesis of alkenes from epoxides in a mixture of saturated aqueous NH4Br and tetrahydrofuran (8:1) has been developed in an undivided cell fitted with a pair of zinc electrodes, and it is proposed that the reaction is mediated by Zn(0) with a hierarchically organized nanostructure.

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Photoredox Catalyzed Sulfonylation of Multisubstituted Allenes with Ru(bpy)3Cl2 or Rhodamine B

A highly regio- and stereoselective sulfonylation of allenes was developed that provided direct access to α, β-substituted unsaturated sulfone. By means of visible-light photoredox catalysis, the free radicals produced by p-toluenesulfonic acid reacted with multisubstituted allenes to obtain Markovnikov-type vinyl sulfones with Ru(bpy)3Cl2 or Rhodamine B as photocatalyst. The yield of this reaction could reach up to 91%. A series of unsaturated sulfones would be used for further transformation to some valuable compounds.

Oxidative Alkenylation of Arenes Using Supported Rh Materials: Evidence that Active Catalysts are Formed by Rh Leaching

This work focuses on the synthesis of supported Rh materials and study of their efficacy as pre-catalysts for the oxidative alkenylation of arenes. Rhodium particles supported on silica (Rh/SiO2; ～3.6 wt% Rh) and on nitrogen-doped carbon (Rh/NC

Recoverable palladium-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond forming reactions under thermomorphic mode: Stille and suzuki-miyaura reactions

The reaction of [PdCl2(CH3CN)2] and bis-4,40-(RfCH2OCH2)-2,2'-bpy (1a-d), where Rf = n- C11F23 (a), n-C10F21 (b), n-C9F19 (c) and n-C8F17 (d), respectively, in the presence of dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) resulted in the synthesis of Pd complex, [PdCl2[4,4'-bis-(RfCH2OCH2)-2,2'-bpy] (2a-d). The Pd-catalyzed Stille arylations of vinyl tributyltin with aryl halides were selected to demonstrate the feasibility of recycling usage with 2a as the catalyst using NMP (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) as the solvent at 120-150 °C. Additionally, recycling and electronic effect studies of 2a-c were also carried out for Suzuki-Miyaura reaction of phenylboronic acid derivatives, 4-X-C6H4-B(OH)2, (X = H or Ph) with aryl halide, 4-Y-C6H4-Z, (Y = CN, H or OCH3; Z = I or Br) in dimethylformamide (DMF) at 135-150 °C. At the end of each cycle, the product mixtures were cooled to lower temperature (e.g., -10 °C), and then catalysts were recovered by decantation with Pd leaching less than 1%. The products were quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis or by the isolated yield. The complex 2a-catalyzed Stille reaction of aryl iodides with vinyl tributyltin have good recycling results for a total of 8 times, with a high yield within short period of time (1-3 h). Similarly, 2a-c-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura reactions also have good recycling results. The electronic effect studies from substituents in both Stille and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions showed that electron withdrawing groups speed up the reaction rate. To our knowledge, this is the first example of recoverable fluorous long-chained Pd-catalyzed Stille reactions under the thermomorphic mode.