10303-64-7

Usage

Chemical Properties

white crystalline powder

InChI:InChI=1/C6H12O3/c1-4(2)3-5(7)6(8)9/h4-5,7H,3H2,1-2H3,(H,8,9)/p-1/t5-/m1/s1

Upstream product

• 61-90-5 L-leucine 
• 5699-54-7 3-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid 
• 816-66-0 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid 
• 590-86-3 isovaleraldehyde 
• 328-38-1 (R)-leucine 
• 13748-90-8 (S)-2-hydroxyl-3,3-dimethylbutyric acid 
• 15344-34-0 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanenitrile 
• 10348-44-4 2-Hydroxy-4-methyl-4-pentensaeure-butylester 
• 99-15-0 N-acetylleucine 
• 6111-18-8 1,1,1-trichloro-4-methyl-2-pentanol 
• 7782-77-6 cis-nitrous acid 
• 97409-51-3 t-butyl (S)-N-(3-methylbutanoyl)formylprolinate 
• 70541-04-7 N-acetyl-N-nitroso-DL-leucine 
• 10250-86-9 4-methyloxovaleric acid anion 

Downstream Products

• 156276-25-4 DL-leucic acid isopropyl ester 
• 4026-18-0 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoic acid 
• 64-19-7 acetic acid 
• 67-64-1 acetone 
• 503-74-2 3-methylbutyric acid 
• 123-51-3 i-Amyl alcohol 
• 659-70-1 isopentyl 3-methylbutanoate 
• 1016546-99-8 3-hydroxy-5-methyl-1-phenylhexan-2-one 
• 328-39-2 LEUCINE 
• 13861-97-7 Pantoyllacton 
• 321329-81-1 benzyl 2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate 
• 1374640-38-6 N-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]-2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanamide 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

pH-Dependent Chemoselective Synthesis of α-Amino Acids. Reductive Amination of α-Keto Acids with Ammonia Catalyzed by Acid-Stable Iridium Hydride Complexes in Water

An acid-stable hydride complex [Cp*IrIII(bpy)H]+ {1, Cp* = η5-C5Me5, bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine} serves as the active catalyst for the highly chemoselective synthesis of α-amino acids by reductive aminatio

An Evaluation of the Substrate Specificity, and of Its Modification by Site-Directed Mutagenesis, of the Cloned L-Lactate Dehydrogenase from Bacillus stearothermophilus

The L-lactate dehydrogenase of Bacillus stearothermophilus (BSLDH) is a stable, thermophilic oxidoreductase.It has been selected as a model of enzymes with considerable future promise in assymetric synthesis in that it has been cloned to ensure a plentiful and inexpensive supply and because of the potential for tailoring its specificity to accept unnatural substrate structures via the site-directed mutagenesis techniques of moleculer biology.In this study, the specificity of BSLDH toward representative α-keto acids possessing straight- and branched-chain alkyl,cycloalkyl, or aromatic side chains has been evaluated.The results show that substrates that are sterically bulky in the region of the α-keto group to be reduced are poorly accepted by the enzyme.Graphics analyses indicated that the low activities of these hindered substrates might be partly due to a bad interaction of the active site residue Gln102 with large or branched substituents adjacent to the α-keto group.Accordingly, Gln102 has been replaced by the smaller Asn residue by site-directed mutagenesis in an attempt to expand the active site volume available to receive substrates larger than the natural pyruvate.However, the kinetic data show that bulky α-keto acids are only marginally better accommodated by the Gln102 -> Asn mutant than by the wild-type enzyme.

Biocatalytic racemization of α-hydroxycarboxylic acids using a stereo-complementary pair of α-hydroxycarboxylic acid dehydrogenases

Biocatalytic racemization of aliphatic, (aryl)aliphatic and aromatic α-hydroxycarboxylic acids was achieved via a reversible oxidation-reduction sequence using a pair of stereo-complementary Prelog- and anti-Prelog d- and l-α-hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenases from Lactobacillus confusus DSM 20196 and Lactobacillus paracasei DSM 20008, resp., overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The mild reaction conditions ensured essential 'clean' isomerization, undesired 'over-oxidation' of the substrate forming the α-ketoacid could be suppressed by exclusion of O2 and adjustment of the NAD+/NADH-ratio.

Effects of Gln102Arg and Cys97Gly mutations on the structural specificity and stereospecificity of the L-lactate dehydrogenase from Bacillus stearothermophilus

The L-lactate dehydrogenase of Bacillus stearothermophilus (BSLDH) is a thermostable enzyme with considerable potential for applications in asymmetric synthesis. An understanding of the factors controlling its structural specificity and stereospecificity is therefore of interest. In this paper the effects of Gln102 → Arg and Cys97 → Gly mutations have been evaluated. In a survey of thirteen 2-keto acids, the Q102R mutation was found to reduce the activity of BSLDH toward the reduction of RCOCOOH substrates with small or hydrophilic R groups without affecting its activity toward those with larger, hydrophobic R substituents. In addition, the mutants have a high affinity for C3- and C4-2-keto dicarboxylates. The extent of fructose 1,6-diphosphate activation of the mutant enzymes was similar to its effect on wild-type BSLDH. The mutants also retained the synthetically desirable thermostability. As a probe of the commitment of BSLDH to L stereospecificity, the Q102R mutation was introduced to allow the new 102R site to compete with Arg171 for binding of the COO- groups of the RCOCOOH substrates, which would reverse the normal RCOCOOH orientation at the active site and thereby open up the possibility of the formation of a D-2-hydroxy acid in place of the natural L product. However, L stereospecificity in 2-keto acid reduction was strictly retained by the Q102R mutants. This was confirmed by preparative-scale reductions of pyruvate and phenylpyruvate to give the corresponding L-hydroxy acids in enantiomerically pure form and by comparison of the kinetics of oxidation of L- and D-lactate and L- and D-phenyl lactate. No evidence for substrate activity for the D enantiomers of either of these was seen with WT or mutant enzymes. Some catalysis of D-malate oxidation by both WT and mutant BSLDH was observed, but the L enantiomer was still preferred to approximately the same degree in both cases. That the inability of BSLDH and its 102R mutants to catalyze D-2-hydroxy acid oxidations was not simply due to the failure of the D enantiomers to bind at the active site was established by a comparison of competitive inhibition constants for the above L- and D-hydroxy acids. CD spectroscopy showed that the Gln102 → Arg mutations were not benign but induced significant structural perturbations. Electrostatic potential contours suggest that the structural changes are partly due to long-range interactions of the positive charge of the guanidinium group of Arg102 with several other residues that form an area of negative potential adjacent to the active site. The Cys97 → Gly mutation, while inadvertent, was of interest because of the potential specificity effects arising from its location adjacent to the hinge of the flexible 98-110 loop. However, its effects on BSLDH specificity were minor.

A 2 - hydroxy dissidents calcium synthetic method

The invention discloses a 2 - hydroxy dissidents calcium synthetic method: to different pentanals, sodium bisulfite, sodium cyanide as raw material through nucleophilic addition reaction in the synthesis of 2 - hydroxy different fifth heavenly stem nitrile, then in acidic conditions by the hydrolysis reaction of the 2 - hydroxy dissidents acid, the final calcium salt exchange reaction 2 - hydroxy dissidents calcium, then refined to get the pure product 2 - hydroxy dissidents acid calcium, refined pure product purity as high as 99.7%, three-step [...] yield is up to 80% or more. The method has the production cycle is short, simple and convenient operation, is suitable for industrial production.

Decomposition of sodium trichloroacetate in the presence of quaternary ammonium under microwave irradiation: A convenient one-pot synthesis of α-hydroxy acids in water

A good yielding phase-transfer-catalyzed procedure for one-pot preparation of α-hydroxy acids from carbonyl compounds and sodium trichloroacetate by in situ addition and hydrolysis under microwave irradiation is described. Decomposition of sodium trichloroacetate is strongly accelerated by the presence of quaternary ammonium. The reaction can be conducted in water. Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Process for producing a polyester

A process for producing a polyester, the process comprising the steps of (1) fermenting a saccharide with a microorganism to obtain at least one substituted α-hydroxy acid represented by the formula: HO—CHR—COOH (wherein R represents a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms), and (2) polymerizing the substituted α-hydroxy acid or a derivative thereof.

Processes for producing alpha -cyanohydrin esters and alpha -hydroxy acids

In the presence of a metal catalyst such as a samarium compound, an enol ester compound shown by the formula (1) is reacted with a carbonyl compound shown by the formula (3) and a cyanogenation agent to produce an alpha -cyanohydrin ester shown by the formula (4): wherein R1, R7, and R8 are the same or different from each other, each representing a non-reactive atom or a non-reactive organic group; R2, R3, and R4 are the same or different from each other, each representing a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms. By hydrolyzing the obtained compound, the corresponding alpha -hydroxy acid or a salt thereof can be obtained. According to the above processes, an alpha -cyanohydrin ester and an alpha -hydroxy acid can be obtained in high yields.

Esters of L-carnitine and acyl L-carnitine with hydoxy acids for producing pharmcaeutical compositions for treating dermatoses

Dermatosis is treated by a method comprising topically applying an effective amount of an ester of L-carnitine or an acyl L-carnitine with a hydroxy carboxylic acid selected from the group consisting of α-hydroxybutyric acid, α-hydroxyisocaproic acid, α-hydroxyisovaleric acid, malic acid and tartronic acid, to a patient in need thereof.

AMINOPHOSPONIC ACID DERIVATIVE

There are provided novel aminophosphonic acid derivatives of the general formula [I]: STR1 wherein n is an integer of 2 or 3; R. sup.1 is a phenyl, naphthyl, indolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuryl or benzoxazolyl group which may have 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl and lower alkyloxy groups, or a hydrogen atom; R. sup.2 is a lower alkyl group, a benzyl group, a 4-hydroxybenzyl group, a 3-indolylmethyl group or a β-phenethyl group; and A is an optional residue of an amino acid selected from the group consisting of tryptophane, tyrosine, phenylalanine, homophenylalanine, naphthylalanine or N ω-nitroarginine, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. The compounds according to the present invention and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts exhibit an inhibitory activity against endothelin-converting enzyme, and are expected to be useful as a drug treating various diseases with which endothelin is concerned.