106181-39-9Relevant academic research and scientific papers
The Phenyldimethylsilyl Group as a Masked Hydroxy Group
Fleming, Ian,Henning, Rolf,Parker, David C.,Plaut, Howard E.,Sanderson, Philip E. J.
, p. 317 - 338 (2007/10/02)
A phenyldimethylsilyl group attached to carbon can be converted into hydroxy group 1->5, with retention of configuration at the migrating carbon, by any of three main methods.The first involves protodesilylation, to remove the phenyl ring from the silicon atom, followed by oxidation of the resulting functionalized silicon atom using peracid or hydrogen peroxide.The second uses mercuric acetate for the same purpose, and can be combined in one pot with the oxidative step using peracetic acid.This method has a variant in which the mercuric ion is combined with palladium(II) acetate, both in less than stoichiometric amounts.The third uses bromine, which can also be used in one pot in conjuction with peracetic acid.In this method, but not in the method based on mercuric acetate, the peracetic acid may be buffered with sodium acetate.The method using bromine as the electrophile for removing the benzene ring has a more agreeable variant in which it is administered in the form of potassium bromide, which is oxidised to bromine by the peracetic acid.The scope and limitations of each of these methods are reported with a range of examples possessing between them many of the common functional groups.Simple benzene rings, alcohols, ethers, esters, amides and nitriles are compatible with all three methods, and ketones do not undergo Baeyer-Villiger reaction under any of the conditions.Amines, however, are oxidised to amine oxides.Ketones may be brominated in the third of the three main species.The absence of acid in the third method makes it especially valuable when the phenyldimethylsilyl group has a neighbouring nucleofugal group such as hydroxy or acetoxy.Carbon-carbon double bonds are incompatible with the methods, except for terminal monosubstituted double bonds, which can survive the conditions used in the first of the three methods.
Enolboration. 7. Dicyclohexyliodoborane, a Highly Stereoselective Reagent for the Enolboration of Tertiary Amides. Effects of Solvent and Aldolization Temperature on Stereochemistry in Achieving the Stereoselective Synthesis of either Syn or Anti Aldols
Ganesan, Kumaraperumal,Brown, Herbert C.
, p. 7346 - 7352 (2007/10/02)
A highly stereoselective enolboration of tertiary amides has been accomplished for the first time with dicyclohexyliodoborane, Chx2BI.A systematic study of the enolboration of representative N,N-dialkylpropionamides (CH3CH2CONR'2) with Chx2BI in the presence of various tertiary amines of variable steric requirements revealed an unusual aldol stereoselectivity in different solvents and at different aldolization temperatures.Both the nature of solvent and the aldolization temperature influence the stereochemistry of enolboration, with the solvent effect being greater than that of the temperature.Aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon solvents favor formation of the syn aldols from the enol borinates by aldolization at lower temperature (-78 deg C), whereas most of the other solvents examined, such as aromatic and chlorinated aliphatic solvents, favor formation of the anti aldols by aldolization at relatively higher temperatures (0 or 25 deg C).The remarkable effects of both temperature and solvent in the case of tertiary amides raise a question about the validity of the previously assumed constancy of the Z to syn and E to anti relationship, suggesting either a possible isomerization of enol borinates with temperature or a different aldolization transition state with different solvent.While the effect of stric requirements of the dialkylamino group of the tertiary amide does not contribute significantly to the stereochemistry, that of the amine exerts a considerable influence.The present study establishes a simple procedure for the stereoselective synthesis of either syn or anti aldols from representative tertiary amides merely by changing the solvent and the aldolization temperature.
Erythro-Directive Reduction of α-Substituted Alkanones by Means of Hydrosilanes in Acidic Media
Fujita, Makoto,Hiyama, Tamejiro
, p. 5415 - 5421 (2007/10/02)
Hydrosilane reduced α-oxy and α-amino ketones and β-keto acid derivatives in trifluoroacetic acid to afford the corresponding erythro alcohols with high diastereoselectivity.The reaction proceeded without racemization at the carbon α to the carbonyl group.The erythro-directive reduction was explained in terms of the proton-bridged Cram cyclic model and successfully applied to the synthesis of physiologically important amino alcohols such as l-ephedrine, l-methoxamine, and erythro-2-methyl-3-piperidino-1-phenylpropanol.
Fluoride Ion Catalyzed Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones with Hydrosilanes. Synthetic and Mechanistic Aspects and an Application to the Threo-Directed Reduction of α-Substituted Alkanones
Fujita, Makoto,Hiyama, Tamejiro
, p. 5405 - 5415 (2007/10/02)
Reduction of aldehydes and ketones with hydrosilanes proceeded in the presence of a catalytic amount of tetrabutylammonium fluoride or tris(diethylamino)sulfonium difluorotrimethylsilicate in aprotic polar solvents under mild conditions.A significant isotope effect (kH/kD = 1.50) was observed in competitive reduction of acetophenone with HSiMe2Ph and DSiMe2Ph.The reaction was of first order in the concentration of an aprotic polar solvent HMPA.Reduction of 2-methylcyclohexanone gave cis-2-methylcyclohexanol with selectivities up to 95percent.The kinetic and stereochemical results suggest that a hexavalent fluorosilicate - is involved. α-Alkoxy (acyloxy or dimethylamino) ketones were transformed to threo alcohols in high diastereoselectivities.The reduction was also applied to α-methyl-β-keto amides, RCOCH(MeCONR)2, to afford the corresponding threo alcohols in >98percent selectivity.The threo selectivity is explained in terms of the Felkin-Anh model in which interaction of carbonyl oxygen with a countercation is ideally suppressed.The threo-directed reduction was applied to (R)-1-phenyl-4-(2-tetrahydropyranyloxy)-1-penten-3-one and N-(2-benzoylpropanoyl)piperidine.The resulting threo alcohols were respectively converted into (2R,3S)-2,3-(cyclohexylidenedioxy)butanal, a key intermediate of daunosamine synthesis, and into a pharmacologically useful compound threo-N-(3-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phenylpropyl)piperidine.
