110-36-1Relevant academic research and scientific papers
Development and Validation of a Novel Free Fatty Acid Butyl Ester Gas Chromatography Method for the Determination of Free Fatty Acids in Dairy Products
Mannion, David T.,Furey, Ambrose,Kilcawley, Kieran N.
, p. 499 - 506 (2019/01/08)
Accurate quantification of free fatty acids in dairy products is important for both product quality control and legislative purposes. In this study, a novel fatty acid butyl ester method was developed, where extracted free fatty acids are converted to butyl esters prior to gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. The method was comprehensively validated to establish linearity (20-700 mg/L; R2 > 0.9964), limits of detection (5-8 mg/L), limits of quantification (15-20 mg/L), accuracy (1.6-5.4% relative error), interday precision (4.4-5.3% relative standard deviation), and intraday precision (0.9-5.6% relative standard deviation) for each individual free fatty acid. A total of 17 dairy samples were analyzed, covering diverse sample matrices, fat content, and degrees of lipolysis. The method was compared to direct on-column injection and fatty acid methyl ester methods and overcomes limitations associated with these methods, such as either column-phase absorption or deterioration, accurate quantification of short-chain free fatty acids, and underestimation of polyunsaturated free fatty acid.
Sulfonic acid-functionalized organic knitted porous polyaromatic microspheres as heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production
Varyambath, Anuraj,Kim, Mi-Ra,Kim, Il
, p. 12745 - 12753 (2018/08/04)
The use of renewable energy sources decreases the consequences of greenhouse gas emission from fossil fuels. Biodiesel, an easily burning and biodegradable fuel, is an alternative to conventional diesel fuel. The esterification of long-chain fatty acids and transesterification of triglycerides are two major reactions widely used to convert vegetable oils or animal fats into biodiesel. As solid acid catalysts are considered promising candidates for biodiesel production, we have synthesized a series of organic knitted porous polyaromatics (OPPs) using pyrene, anthracene, and naphthalene as monomers via Friedel-Crafts alkylation, followed by crosslinking reactions. The resultant polymers showed good surface morphology, stability and swelling property, high capacity for functionalization due to the unreacted bromomethyl groups on the surface, and excellent hydrophobicity. The sulfonated polymer microspheres obtained by the surface sulfonation showed good surface acidity; thus, they can be employed as heterogeneous solid acid catalysts for the esterification of long-chain fatty acids and transesterification of triglycerides, and they are reusable without any leaching of functional groups.
Use of Lecitase-Ultra immobilized on styrene-divinylbenzene beads as catalyst of esterification reactions: Effects of ultrasounds
Alves, Joana S.,Garcia-Galan, Cristina,Danelli, Daiane,Paludo, Natália,Barbosa, Oveimar,Rodrigues, Rafael C.,Fernandez-Lafuente, Roberto
, p. 27 - 32 (2015/08/06)
Abstract In this work it was evaluated for the first time, the ester synthesis catalyzed by the phospholipase Lecitase-Ultra immobilized styrene-divinylbenzene beads (MCI-Lecitase), comparing the mechanical stirring and the ultrasonic energy. It was studied the specificity of the enzyme using carboxylic acids from C4 to C18, as well as the effects of alcohol chain, organic solvents, biocatalyst content, reaction temperature and substrate concentration. Caprylic and myristic acids were those with the highest reaction rates and yields, using ethanol as substrate. The shorter the alcohol chain, the higher the enzyme activity. Regarding the secondary alcohols, while MCI-Lecitase had no activity versus isopropanol, using 2-pentanol the activity was similar to that with 1-pentanol. Comparing the agitation systems, MCI-Lecitase presented an initial reaction rate more than 2-times higher in the ultrasound-assisted reaction than under traditional mechanical stirring. Moreover, under ultrasonic energy the maximum rate was achieved using 0.5 M of substrates, while under mechanical stirring the maximum enzyme activity was reached at 0.3 M of substrates. Concerning the operational stability, MCI-Lecitase was quite unstable, losing its activity after 6 reaction cycles. By adding molecular sieves in the reaction medium, MCI-Lecitase retained 30% of its initial activity after 6 cycles.
Efficient, stable, and reusable Lewis acid-surfactant-combined catalyst: One-pot Biginelli and solvent-free esterification reactions
Qiu, Yunfeng,Sun, Hongnan,Ma, Zhuo,Xia, Wujiong
, p. 76 - 82 (2014/06/10)
Cerium(III) trislaurylsulfonate (Ce(LS)3), a Lewis acid and surfactant combined catalyst, was prepared and characterized by SEM, SEM-EDX, XRD, NMR, FT-IR, TG, and elemental analysis. Ce(LS)3 was found to be stable and efficient to catalyze one-pot Biginelli and solvent-free esterification reactions. Furthermore, Ce(LS)3 is easy to recycle after reaction by pouring into cold water and filtration. Present work will shed deep insight into the understanding of the catalytic nature of LASCs, and extend its application in important organic transformations.
PRODUCTION OF DETERGENT RANGE ALCOHOLS
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Page/Page column 3, (2009/01/24)
This invention relates to a process for the production of a mixture of detergent-range alcohols having an average of between 8 and 20 carbon atoms per molecule. The process includes the steps of providing a hydrocarbon stream containing olefins and paraffins in which more than 5% by volume of olefin molecules in the hydrocarbon stream have a total number of carbon atoms which is different from the total number of carbon atoms of the most abundant two carbon numbers of olefins in the hydrocarbon stream; reacting the hydrocarbon stream with CO and an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst in a hydroesterification reaction to form a hydrocarbon stream containing esters and paraffins; separating esters from the hydrocarbon stream containing esters and paraffins; and subjecting the esters to a hydrogenation reaction to provide the mixed alcohol product.
Design, synthesis, antibacterial, and QSAR studies of myristic acid derivatives
Narasimhan, Balasubramanian,Mourya, Vishnukant,Dhake, Avinash
, p. 3023 - 3029 (2008/09/20)
A series of esters and amides of myristic acid was synthesized and tested in vitro for antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. All the compounds showed activity comparable to that of the standard drug, ciprofloxacin. The structural characteristics governing antibacterial activity of myristic acid derivatives was studied using QSAR methodology. The results showed that the antibacterial activity could be modeled using the topological descriptor, valence molecular connectivity index. The predictive ability of the models was cross-validated by construction of a test set. The low residual activity and high cross-validated r2 values ( rcv2 ) observed indicated the predictive ability of the developed QSAR models.
An eco-friendly method for the synthesis of aryl and alkyl esters of carboxylic acids using acid activated Indian bentonite
Vijayakumar,Iyengar, Pushpa,Nagendrappa, Gopalpur,Prakash, B. S. Jai
, p. 922 - 925 (2007/10/03)
Esterification of various carboxylic acids with phenol and alcohols has been achieved using acid activated Indian bentonite (AAIB) as catalyst. The catalyst is versatile, and the reaction is found to work well for primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols. The yields are very good under specific reaction conditions.
