110-36-1Relevant articles and documents
Development and Validation of a Novel Free Fatty Acid Butyl Ester Gas Chromatography Method for the Determination of Free Fatty Acids in Dairy Products
Mannion, David T.,Furey, Ambrose,Kilcawley, Kieran N.
, p. 499 - 506 (2019/01/08)
Accurate quantification of free fatty acids in dairy products is important for both product quality control and legislative purposes. In this study, a novel fatty acid butyl ester method was developed, where extracted free fatty acids are converted to butyl esters prior to gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. The method was comprehensively validated to establish linearity (20-700 mg/L; R2 > 0.9964), limits of detection (5-8 mg/L), limits of quantification (15-20 mg/L), accuracy (1.6-5.4% relative error), interday precision (4.4-5.3% relative standard deviation), and intraday precision (0.9-5.6% relative standard deviation) for each individual free fatty acid. A total of 17 dairy samples were analyzed, covering diverse sample matrices, fat content, and degrees of lipolysis. The method was compared to direct on-column injection and fatty acid methyl ester methods and overcomes limitations associated with these methods, such as either column-phase absorption or deterioration, accurate quantification of short-chain free fatty acids, and underestimation of polyunsaturated free fatty acid.
Use of Lecitase-Ultra immobilized on styrene-divinylbenzene beads as catalyst of esterification reactions: Effects of ultrasounds
Alves, Joana S.,Garcia-Galan, Cristina,Danelli, Daiane,Paludo, Natália,Barbosa, Oveimar,Rodrigues, Rafael C.,Fernandez-Lafuente, Roberto
, p. 27 - 32 (2015/08/06)
Abstract In this work it was evaluated for the first time, the ester synthesis catalyzed by the phospholipase Lecitase-Ultra immobilized styrene-divinylbenzene beads (MCI-Lecitase), comparing the mechanical stirring and the ultrasonic energy. It was studied the specificity of the enzyme using carboxylic acids from C4 to C18, as well as the effects of alcohol chain, organic solvents, biocatalyst content, reaction temperature and substrate concentration. Caprylic and myristic acids were those with the highest reaction rates and yields, using ethanol as substrate. The shorter the alcohol chain, the higher the enzyme activity. Regarding the secondary alcohols, while MCI-Lecitase had no activity versus isopropanol, using 2-pentanol the activity was similar to that with 1-pentanol. Comparing the agitation systems, MCI-Lecitase presented an initial reaction rate more than 2-times higher in the ultrasound-assisted reaction than under traditional mechanical stirring. Moreover, under ultrasonic energy the maximum rate was achieved using 0.5 M of substrates, while under mechanical stirring the maximum enzyme activity was reached at 0.3 M of substrates. Concerning the operational stability, MCI-Lecitase was quite unstable, losing its activity after 6 reaction cycles. By adding molecular sieves in the reaction medium, MCI-Lecitase retained 30% of its initial activity after 6 cycles.
PRODUCTION OF DETERGENT RANGE ALCOHOLS
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Page/Page column 3, (2009/01/24)
This invention relates to a process for the production of a mixture of detergent-range alcohols having an average of between 8 and 20 carbon atoms per molecule. The process includes the steps of providing a hydrocarbon stream containing olefins and paraffins in which more than 5% by volume of olefin molecules in the hydrocarbon stream have a total number of carbon atoms which is different from the total number of carbon atoms of the most abundant two carbon numbers of olefins in the hydrocarbon stream; reacting the hydrocarbon stream with CO and an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst in a hydroesterification reaction to form a hydrocarbon stream containing esters and paraffins; separating esters from the hydrocarbon stream containing esters and paraffins; and subjecting the esters to a hydrogenation reaction to provide the mixed alcohol product.