116836-32-9Relevant academic research and scientific papers
Eco-Friendly Natural Clay: Montmorillonite Modified with Nickel or Ruthenium as an Effective Catalyst in Gamma-Valerolactone Synthesis
Vysko?ilová, Eli?ka,Vrbková, Eva,Trejbal, Ji?í,Vaňková, Michaela,?erveny, Libor
, p. 1417 - 1427 (2022)
Ni/Ru metals supported on cheap and available support montmorillonite K10 were used for the selective hydrogenation of levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone. Different loadings of the metals were applied by the impregnation method, and detailed characterization was performed (UV–VIS, XRD, TPR, TPD, particle size distribution, SEM, XRF). Metals’ homogeneous distribution on the surface was confirmed. The selectivity to the desired product was almost independent on the used material. A detailed study of the influence of solvents on the studied reaction was also performed—protic alcohol-based solvents caused the formation of levulinic and valeric acid esters in the reaction mixture. The selectivity was influenced mainly by the alcohol structure (the highest selectivity obtained using isopropyl alcohol and sec-butanol). Mainly the solvent’s donor number (except ethanol) influenced the reaction rate. The prepared catalysts are promising, available, and cheap materials for the studied reaction. Solvent may significantly influence the yield of γ-valerolactone. Graphic Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].
