16216-14-1

Usage

Type of compound

Synthetic estrogen

Purpose

Hormone replacement therapy for menopausal women

Action

Mimics the action of the hormone estrogen in the body

Uses

Alleviates symptoms such as hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and mood swings

Available forms

Tablets and creams

Administration

Typically taken orally

Precaution

Use under the guidance of a healthcare professional

Considerations

Be aware of potential side effects and contraindications

Upstream product

• 16216-13-0 2-phenyl-1-o-tolylethanone 
• 93-58-3 benzoic acid methyl ester 
• 201230-82-2 carbon monoxide 
• 6699-93-0 (2-methylphenyl)lithium 
• 5033-67-0 2-(2-methylphenyl)-1-phenyl-1-ethanone 
• 932-31-0 ortho-tolylmagnesium bromide 
• 14309-60-5 1-phenylethynyltoluene 
• 61001-54-5 2-methyldibenzoylmethane 
• 1398122-53-6 C₁₉H₂₀O₄ 
• 103-36-6 ethyl 3-phenyl-2-propenoate 
• 14683-79-5 salicylaldoxime 
• 577-16-2 2-Methylacetophenone 
• 1431527-09-1 1-phenyl-3-(o-methylphenyl)-2,3-epoxy-1-propanone 
• 1548157-70-5 C₁₆H₁₄O₂ 

Downstream Products

• 102477-86-1 2-hydroxy-2,2-diphenyl-1-o-tolyl-ethanone 
• 5448-09-9 2-methylbenzilic acid 
• 1146729-41-0 C₁₅H₁₆O₂ 
• 1580052-34-1 C₁₅H₁₆O₂ 
• 1452219-72-5 2-hydroxy-2-(naphthalen-2-yl)-2-phenyl-1-(o-tolyl)ethanone 
• 1452219-71-4 2-hydroxy-2-(naphthalen-1-yl)-2-phenyl-1-(o-tolyl)ethanone 
• 1452219-70-3 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-1-(o-tolyl)ethanone 
• 1452219-68-9 2-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-phenyl-1-(o-tolyl)ethanone 
• 110247-81-9 1,1-diphenyl-2-o-tolylethane-1,2-diol 
• 111681-86-8 2-hydroxy-2-(2-methylphenyl)-1-phenylethanone 
• 111681-86-8 (S)-2-hydroxy-1-phenyl-2-(o-tolyl)ethan-1-one 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Synthesis of 1,2-diketones by mercury-catalyzed alkyne oxidation

The first mercury-catalyzed synthesis of 1,2-diketones by alkyne oxidation has been developed. This inexpensive method extends the potential of mercury catalysis and allows the rapid construction of various 1,2-diketones and α-carbonyl amides in good yields with high functional group tolerance.

Catalyst-Free and Transition-Metal-Free Approach to 1,2-Diketones via Aerobic Alkyne Oxidation

A catalyst-free and transition-metal-free method for the synthesis of 1,2-diketones from aerobic alkyne oxidation was reported. The oxidation of various internal alkynes, especially more challenging aryl-alkyl acetylenes, proceeded smoothly with inexpensive, easily handled, and commercially available potassium persulfate and an ambient air balloon, achieving the corresponding 1,2-diketones with up to 85% yields. Meanwhile, mechanistic studies indicated a radical process, and the two oxygen atoms in the 1,2-diketons were most likely from persulfate salts and molecular oxygen, respectively, rather than water.

Aerobic oxygenation of α-methylene ketones under visible-light catalysed by a CeNi3complex with a macrocyclic tris(salen)-ligand

A hetero-tetranuclear CeNi3 complex with a macrocyclic ligand catalysed the aerobic oxygenation of a methylene group adjacent to a carbonyl group under visible-light radiation to produce the corresponding α-diketones. The visible-light induced homolysis of the Ce-O bond of a bis(enolate) intermediate is proposed prior to aerobic oxygenation.

Visible-Light-Induced Photocatalytic Oxidative Decarboxylation of Cinnamic Acids to 1,2-Diketones

A concerted metallophotoredox catalysis has been realized for the efficient decarboxylative functionalization of α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids with aryl iodides in the presence of perylene bisimide dye to afford 1,2-diketones.

Rhodium-Catalyzed Aerobic Decomposition of 1,3-Diaryl-2-diazo-1,3-diketones: Mechanistic Investigation and Application to the Synthesis of Benzils

The conversion of 1,3-diaryl-2-diazo-1,3-diketones to 1,2-daryl-1,2-diketones (benzils) is reported based on a rhodium(II)-catalyzed aerobic decomposition process. The reaction occurs at ambient temperatures and can be catalyzed by a few dirhodium carboxylates (5 mol %) under a balloon pressure of oxygen. Moreover, an oxygen atom from the O2 reagent is shown to be incorporated into the product, and this is accompanied by the extrusion of a carbonyl unit from the starting materials. Mechanistically, it is proposed that the decomposition may proceed via the interaction of a ketene intermediate resulting from a Wolff rearrangement of the carbenoid, with a rhodium peroxide or peroxy radical species generated upon the activation of molecular oxygen. The proposed mechanism has been supported by the results from a set of controlled experiments. By using this newly developed strategy, a large array of benzil derivatives as well as 9,10-phenanthrenequinone were synthesized from the corresponding diazo substrates in varying yields. On the other hand, the method did not allow the generation of benzocyclobutene-1,2-dione from 2-diazo-1,3-indandione because of the difficulty of inducing the initial rearrangement.

Synthesis of unsymmetrical benzilsviapalladium-catalysed a-arylation-oxidation of 2-hydroxyacetophenones with aryl bromides

A diverse set of unsymmetrically substituted benzils were facilely synthesised by a cross-coupling reaction between 2-hydroxyacetophenones and aryl bromides in the presence of a palladium catalyst. Experimental studies suggested a reaction mechanism involving a one-pot tandem palladium-catalysed a-arylation and oxidation, where aryl bromides play a dual role as mild oxidants as well as arylating agents.

Ruthenium/dendrimer complex immobilized on silica-functionalized magnetite nanoparticles catalyzed oxidation of stilbenes to benzil derivatives at room temperature

A new ruthenium/dendrimer complex stabilized on the surface of silica-functionalized nano-magnetite was fabricated and well characterized. The nano-catalyst showed good activity in the synthesis of benzil derivatives via the oxidation of stilbenes with high turnover frequency (TOF) at room temperature. Moreover, the catalyst could also be reused up to fifteen times without any loss of its activity.

Sequentially Pd/Cu-Catalyzed Alkynylation-Oxidation Synthesis of 1,2-Diketones and Consecutive One-Pot Generation of Quinoxalines

We report a simple and efficient one-pot synthesis of 1,2-diketones by concatenation of two Pd/Cu-catalyzed processes: Pd0/CuI-catalyzed Sonogashira coupling of terminal alkynes with aryl (pseudo)halides furnishes internal alkynes, which are directly transformed by PdII/CuII-catalyzed Wacker-type oxidation with DMSO and oxygen as dual oxidants to furnish 1,2-diketones. With this efficient, catalyst economical process, various aryl iodides and triflates are efficiently transformed in high yields into symmetrically and unsymmetrically substituted 1,2-diketones with various functional groups. This process can be readily extended to a consecutive one-pot synthesis of quinoxalines in a diversity-oriented fashion.

Electrochemical synthesis of 1,2-diketones from alkynes under transition-metal-catalyst-free conditions

We report an electrochemical protocol for the direct oxidation of internal alkynes in air to provide 1,2-diketones. A variety of functional groups and heterocycle-containing substrates can be tolerated well under mild conditions.

B2pin2-mediated copper-catalyzed oxidation of alkynes into 1,2-diketones using molecular oxygen

An intriguing aerobic oxidation of alkynes through copper catalysis is described, in which bis(pinacolato)diboron (B2pin2) played a dominant intermediary role in the formation 1,2-diketones. This novel protocol, which can be performed at room temperature, is versatile for various substituted alkynes, including diarylalkynes and arylalkylalkynes. The mechanism of this reaction was preliminarily investigated by control experiments.