188554-17-8

Upstream product

• 62285-98-7 5-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexenyl)-3-methyl-2,4-pentadienyltriphenylphosphonium bromide 
• 188554-16-7 4-formyl-2-[3-oxo-2-methyl-(1E)-propenyl]pyridine 
• 873071-82-0 4-ethynyl-2-[(1E)-2-methylbut-1-en-3-yn-1-yl]pyridine 
• 813-19-4 bis(tri-n-butyltin) 
• 138846-06-7 2-[(1’E,3’E)-3’-methyl-4’-iodobuta-1’,3’-dien-1’yl]-1,3,3-trimethylcyclohex-1-ene 
• 260353-34-2 4-ethoxycarbonyl-2-[3-tert-butyldimethylsiloxy-2-methyl-(1E)-propenyl]pyridine 
• 260353-35-3 2-[3-tert-butyldimethylsiloxy-2-methyl-(1E)-propenyl]-4-hydroxymethylpyridine 
• 344907-82-0 (E)-3-(4-Hydroxymethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-2-methyl-propenol 
• 188554-14-5 Trifluoro-methanesulfonic acid 4-formyl-pyridin-2-yl ester 
• 188554-15-6 2-(2-Methyl-propenyl)-pyridine-4-carbaldehyde 
• 188554-13-4 2-hydroxypyridine-4-carboxaldehyde 
• 13466-41-6 2-hydroksy-4-methyl-pyridine 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Fluorescent pigments of the retinal pigment epithelium and age-related macular degeneration

The major hydrophobic fluorophore of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is A2E, a pyridinium bis-retinoid derived from all-trans-retinal and phosphatidyl-ethanolamine. The accumulation of fluorophores such as A2E is implicated in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a disease associated with the deterioration of central vision and a leading cause of blindness in the elderly. Recent chemical and biological studies have provided insight into the synthesis and biosynthesis of A2E, the spectroscopic properties of this pigment, and the role of A2E and RPE cell death.

Convergent stereoselective synthesis of the visual pigment A2E

(Chemical Equation Presented) A stereoselective total synthesis of the visual pigment A2E has been achieved with use of palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions in all key steps: a regioselective Suzuki or Negishi coupling of 2,4-dibromopyridine, a Sonogashira reaction, and a double Stille cross-coupling to complete the bispolyenyl skeleton.