29446-15-9

Usage

Uses

Used in Environmental Monitoring and Regulation:
2,3-DICHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN is used as a marker for assessing the level of environmental pollution caused by organochlorides. Its detection in the environment helps in monitoring and regulating the release of toxic substances from various industrial processes.
Used in Research and Development:
In the field of toxicology and environmental science, 2,3-DICHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN is used as a subject of study to understand its effects on human health and the environment. This knowledge aids in the development of strategies to mitigate its harmful impacts and improve public health and environmental safety.
Used in Risk Assessment and Management:
2,3-DICHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN is utilized in risk assessment and management processes to evaluate the potential hazards associated with its presence in the environment. This information is crucial for developing guidelines and regulations to control and reduce the release of this toxic substance from various sources.
Used in Public Health and Safety Initiatives:
As a confirmed human carcinogen, 2,3-DICHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN plays a role in public health and safety initiatives aimed at raising awareness about the risks associated with exposure to this toxic substance. Efforts are made to educate the public and implement preventive measures to minimize the potential for exposure and its adverse health effects.
Used in Waste Management and Disposal:
In the waste management and disposal industry, 2,3-DICHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN is a key concern due to its persistence and toxicity. Its presence in waste materials necessitates the development of safe disposal methods and treatment technologies to prevent its release into the environment and minimize its impact on human health and the ecosystem.
Used in Industrial Process Improvement:
2,3-DICHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN serves as a catalyst for the improvement of industrial processes that produce organochlorides. By understanding the conditions under which this toxic by-product is formed, industries can work towards developing cleaner and more efficient production methods that minimize or eliminate the release of PCDD and other harmful substances.

InChI:InChI=1/C12H6Cl2O2/c13-7-5-11-12(6-8(7)14)16-10-4-2-1-3-9(10)15-11/h1-6H

Upstream product

• 95-94-3 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene 
• 120-80-9 benzene-1,2-diol 
• 262-12-4 dioxin 
• 89-69-0 2,4,5-Trichloronitrobenzene 

Downstream Products

• 50585-40-5 2,3-dibromo-7,8-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 
• 262-12-4 dioxin 
• 39227-54-8 2-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 
• 112317-18-7 2-acetylamino-3,7,8-trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 
• 71721-80-7 2-amino-3,7,8-trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 
• 71721-75-0 2-amino-7,8-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Hydrogen bonding promoted simple and clean photo-induced reduction of C-X bond with isopropanol

We herein report a simple and clean photo-induced metal-free reduction of C-X bond under an atmosphere of air at room temperature. Isopropanol is used as both the reducing reagent and solvent. Various functional groups (acids, esters, alcohols, anilines, phenols, indoles, pyridines, cyano and trifluoromethyl groups) and other heterocyclic compounds are tolerated. Different organic halides (including C-I, C-Br and C-Cl bonds) can be dehalogenated with moderate to excellent yields. Polyhalides are also reduced chemoselectively and efficiently. DFT calculation suggests a six-membered ring transition state via C-X H-O hydrogen bonding to decrease the activation energy.

Identification of surrogate compounds for the emission of PCDD/F (I-TEQ value) and evaluation of their on-line realtime detectability in flue gases of waste incineration plants by REMPI-TOFMS mass spectrometry

Correlations between products of incomplete combustion (PIC), e.g., chloroaromatic compounds, can be used to characterise the emissions from combustion processes, like municipal or hazardous waste incineration. A possible application of such relationships may be the on-line real-time monitoring of a characteristic surrogate, e.g., with Resonance-Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (REMPI-TOFMS). In this paper, we report the relationships of homologues and individual congeners of chlorinated benzenes (PCBz), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), dibenzofurans (PCDF) and phenols (PCPh) to the International Toxicity Equivalent (I-TEQ) of the PCDD/F (I-TEQ value) in the flue gas and stack gas of a 22 MW hazardous waste incinerator (HWI). As the REMPI detection sensitivity is decreasing with the increase of the degree of chlorination, this study focuses on the lower chlorinated species of the compounds mentioned above. Lower chlorinated species, e.g., chlorobenzene (MCBz), 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 2,4,6-trichlorodibenzofuran or 2,4-dichlorophenol, were identified as I-TEQ surrogates in the flue gas. In contrast to the higher chlorinated phenols, the lower chlorinated phenols (degree of chlorination 4) were not reliable as surrogates in the stack gas. The identified surrogates are evaluated in terms of their detectability by REMPI-TOFMS laser mass spectrometry. The outcome is that MCBz is the best suited surrogate for (indirect) on-line measuring of the I-TEQ value in the flue gas by REMPI-TOFMS. The correlation coefficient r of the MCBz concentration to the I-TEQ in the flue gas was 0.85.

Mono- to tri-chlorinated dibenzodioxin (CDD) and dibenzofuran (CDF) congeners/homologues as indicators of CDD and CDF emissions from municipal waste and waste/coal combustion

Total homologue concentrations and select congener concentrations from amongst the mono- to tri-chlorinated dibenzodioxins (CDDs) and dibenzofurans (CDFs) are used to model both Total (mono- to octa-) CDD + CDF emissions and the toxicity equivalent (TEQ) of the 2,3,7,8-chlorine-substituted emissions. Analysis of emission data from two facilities indicates that use of total homologue concentrations shows limited, facility-specific correlations with Total CDDs/CDFs and TEQ. Concentrations of select mono- to tri-CDD/CDF congeners show promising correlation with CDD/CDF TEQ across facilities, suggesting that these compounds can act as TEQ indicators. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.

Influence of variation in combustion conditions on the primary formation of chlorinated organic micropollutants during municipal solid waste combustion

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of variation in combustion conditions on the primary formation of organic micropollutants (OMPs). The flue gas samples were taken at a relatively high flue gas temperature (650°C), to enable mechanistic studies on the high temperature formation (primary formation). Eleven experiments were performed in a laboratory scale fluidized bed reactor fed with an artificial municipal solid waste (MSW). The samples were analyzed for mono- to octachlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (CDDs/Fs), tri- to decachlorinated biphenyls (CBs), di- to hexachlorinated benzenes (CBzs), and di- to pentachlorinated phenols (CPhs). In addition to chlorinated OMPs, nonchlorinated dibenzo-p- dioxin (DD), dibenzofuran (DF), and biphenyl (BP) were analyzed. The experiments show that variations in the CE influence the degree of chlorination of the organic micropollutants. A correlation between low CE and formation of non- and low-chlorinated DMPs was seen and a distinct relationship of higher chlorinated homologues and efficient combustion condition. Thus, the DiCDFs and DiCBzs are formed during low combustion efficiency (CE), while the PeCDF and PeCBzs formation take place at higher CE. The distribution between primary and secondary air is important for the formation of higher CDD/Fs and CBzs. The primary formation of CDDs and CDFs is through different mechanisms. The CDDs are mainly formed by condensation of CPhs, while the CDFs are formed through a non- or a low-chlorinated precursor followed by further chlorination reactions.

Synthesis of mixed halogenated dibenzodioxins (X = Br, Cl)

The conversion of dibenzodioxin with CuCl2x2H2O and CuBr2 results in polyhalogenated dibenzodioxins. Besides the chlorinated compounds, bromination stages 1 to 5 are obtained at chlorination levels of 0 to 7 for monobromo-, 0 to 7 for dibromo-, 0 to 4 for tribromo-, 0 to 3 for tetrabromo-, and 0 to 1 for pentabromodibenzodioxin. The 2,3,7,8 position is halogenated preferentially.

An Improved Synthesis of Substituted Dibenzodioxines

An improved general synthesis of substituted dibenzodioxines by reaction of catechol and substituted 1,2-dichloro- or 2-chloronitro-benzenes with metallic potassium in hexamethylphosphoramide is reported.The yields are generally superior to those in published methods, and in particular the reaction appears the one of choice for the synthesis of both the parent dibenzodioxine and the 1-carboxy derivative.