30288-22-3

Upstream product

• 67-56-1 methanol 
• 563-79-1 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene 
• 201230-82-2 carbon monoxide 
• 64-18-6 formic acid 
• 563-78-0 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 

Downstream Products

• 3302-06-5 3,4-Dimethylpentanoic acid 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Isomerizing Methoxycarbonylation of Alkenes to Esters Using a Bis(phosphorinone)xylene Palladium Catalyst

The synthesis and characterization of bulky diphosphine 1,2-bis(4-phosphorinone)xylene, BPX, and its palladium complexes [(BPX)PdCl2] and [(BPX)Pd(O2CCF3)2] are described. BPX was evaluated as a ligand in Pd-catalyzed isomerizing methoxycarbonylation. A broad range of alkenes, including terminal, internal, branched, and functionalized alkenes, can be converted to esters with activities and selectivities matching or surpassing the performance of the state-of-the-art palladium bis(di(tert-butyl)phosphino-o-xylene (Pd-DTBPX) catalyst. A molecular structure of the precatalyst [(BPX)Pd(O2CCF3)2] was obtained showing a square planar geometry and a bite angle of 100.11(3)°. Rhodium carbonyl complexes [(BPX)Rh(CO)Cl] and [(DTBPX)Rh(CO)Cl] were synthesized to compare the relative electronic parameters, revealing a ν(C≡O) of 1956.8 and 1948.3 cm-1, respectively, suggesting a reduced ability of BPX to donate electron density to the metal relative to DTBPX. Competitive protonation experiments between BPX and DTBPX in the presence of CH3SO3H exclusively produce [DTBPX(H)2]2+, providing additional evidence that BPX is a much weaker base than DTBPX. This could be due to either the effect of the electron-withdrawing ketone group in the phosphorinone ring or the compression of the C-P-C bond angle induced by the ring structure. The 31P NMR (CDCl3) chemical shift of BPX is 5.6 ppm, upfield of DTBPX at 27.6 ppm. This anomalous result is attributed to a strong gamma substituent effect of C=O in the BPX ligand. The improved activity of Pd-BPX, relative to Pd-DTBPX, could be attributed to a more electrophilic PdII center, which could accelerate the rate-determining methanolysis step.

METHOXYCARBONYLATION WITH FORMIC ACID AS CO SOURCE

Process for methoxycarbonylation with formic acid as the CO source.

Development of efficient palladium catalysts for alkoxycarbonylation of alkenes

Herein, we report a general and efficient Pd-catalysed alkoxycarbonylation of sterically hindered and demanding olefins including a variety of tri-, tetra-substituted and 1,1-disubstituted alkenes. In the presence of 1,3-bis(tert-butyl(pyridin-2-yl)phosphanyl)propane L3 or 1,4-bis(tert-butyl(pyridin-2-yl)phosphanyl)butane L4 the desired esters are obtained in good yields and selectivities. Similar transformation is obtained using tertiary ether as showcased in the carbonylation of MTBE to the corresponding linear ester in high yield and selectivity.

Palladium-catalyzed selective generation of CO from formic acid for carbonylation of alkenes

A general and selective palladium-catalyzed alkoxycarbonylation of all kinds of alkenes with formic acid (HCOOH, FA) is described. Terminal, di-, tri-, and tetra-substituted including functionalized olefins are converted into linear esters with high yields and regioselectivity. Key-to-success is the use of specific palladium catalysts containing ligands with built-in base, e.g., L5. Comparison experiments demonstrate that the active catalyst system not only facilitates isomerization and carbonylation of alkenes but also promotes the selective decomposition of HCOOH to CO under mild conditions.

Benzene-based diphosphine ligands for alkoxycarbonylation

The invention relates to benzene-based diphosphine ligands for alkoxycarbonylation. Specifically, the invention relates to compounds of formula (I), where m and n are each independently 0 or 1; R1, R2, R3, R4 are each independently selected from -(C1-C12)-alkyl, -(C3-C12)-cycloalkyl, -(C3-C12)-heterocycloalkyl, -(C6-C20)-aryl, -(C3-C20)-heteroaryl; at least one of the R1, R2, R3, R4 radicals is a -(C3-C20)-heteroaryl radical; and to the use thereof as ligands in alkoxycarbonylation.