32580-88-4Relevant academic research and scientific papers
Salt Effects on Proton Transfer from Nitrophenols to Amine or Pyridine Bases in Acetonitrile
Hojo, Masashi,Hasegawa, Hiroshi,Mizobe, Atsuko,Ohkawa, Yoshiki,Miimi, Yasuno
, p. 16609 - 16615 (2007/10/02)
The addition of MClO4 (M+ = Li+ and Na+) to 1.0 x 10-1 mol dm-3 2,4-dinitrophenol and the equivalent concentration of γ-picoline (4-methylpyridine) in acetonitrile caused a promoted proton transfer from the phenol to the base to the extent of 62 and 23 percent for 0.1 mol dm-3 Li+ and Na+, respectively.Alkaline-earth metal perchclorates (M(ClO4)2) had larger effects even at low concentrations of M2+, e. g., the proton-transfer ratio was 90 percent for 1.0 x 10-2 mol dm-3 Mg(ClO4)2.The effects of M2+ decreased with increasing size of the cation: Mg2+ > Ca2+ > Sr2+ > Ba2+.With the addition of MClO4 or M(ClO4)2, a higher proton transfer ratio was observed for 2,5-dinitrophenol + γ-collidine than for 2,4-dinitrophenol + γ-picoline.The salt effects of MClO4 or M(ClO4)2 on the acid-base reactions were accounted for by the formation of triple cations or complex species of M+ or M2+ with the phenolate ions (B represents base): (NO2)2 PhOH-B + 2M+ ->/-(M+)2 + BH+; (NO2)2PhOH-B + M2+ ->/-M2+ + BH+.The stronger the base, the greater the proton transfer (based on the addition of salts) from the phenols.The effects of LiClO4 on 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid) + 2-chloropyridine were very small; however, the effects on the proton transfer from 2- and 4-nitrophenol to triethylamine were very large.The extent of the proton transfer (based on the addition of LiClO4) from nitrophenols in the presence of appropriate bases was coincident with the order of the formation constants of ion aggregates (ion pairs and triple ions) for lithium nitrophenolates in acetonitrile: 2- >> 4-, 2,5- > 2,4- >> 2,4,6-.The "free" phenolate ions were produced by the addition of tetraalkylammonium halides (R4N+X-: R = Et, n-Bu; X- = Cl-, Br-, I-) to the nitrophenols in the presence of bases inacetonitrile: (NO2)nPhOH-B + 2X- ->?- + BH+(X-)2.The presence of a base was not essential for the deprotonation of picric acid with R4NX.
Polyfunctionalised Cyclohexanes from Dianhydrodeoxyinositols. cis-Deoxy-1,3(1,4)-inosadiamines from Benzene
Kuehlmeyer, Rainer,Keller, Reinhold,Schwesinger, Reinhard,Netscher, Thomas,Fritz, Hans,Prinzbach, Horst
, p. 1765 - 1800 (2007/10/02)
A ca. 9 : 1 mixture (yield 87 - 90percent) of the stereoisomeric (1α,2α,6α)-/(1α,2β,6α)-2-bromo-7-oxa-bicyclohept-3-enes (7a/8a) is obtained via controlled NBS bromination of 4,5-epoxycyclohexene (5). 7a/8a are quantitatively equilibrated in the presence of tetraalkylammonium bromides (the equilibrium being controlled by the polarity of the solvent (3 : 7 in acetonitrile) and are isolated pure by chromatography.Through selective halogen substitution (7b/8b, 9b - d/10b - d) and ammonolysis the allylic epoxy alcohols 9a/10a are obtained in high yields.Stereospecific epoxidation of 7a/8a yields the (1α,2α,3α,5α,7α)-/(1α,2β,3α,5α,7α)-diepoxy bromides 12a/14a.The latter are equilibrated quantitatively to mixtures favoring either one in the ratio of ca. 9 : 1 (CCl4) and 1 : 9 (CH3CN), respectively.Upon SN2 substitution with ammonium acylates (-> 13b, c/15b, c) and ammonolysis the naturally not occurring dianhydrodeoxyinositols 13a/15a are isolated in practically quantitative yields.The usefulness of 13a/15a and of various derivatives for the stereoselective synthesis of cis-1,4- and cis-1,3-disubstituted cyclohexanetriols is exemplified by reactions with monovalent (H2O, HI, NaN3) and divalent nucleophiles (NH2NH2, CH3NHNH2).I.a. the cis-deoxy-1,3-inosadiamines 1 (2-deoxystreptamine)/2 and the cis-deoxy-1,4-inosadiamines 3/4 become available in high yields.
