480436-46-2

Usage

Uses

Used in Pharmaceutical Industry:
Scopolamine is utilized as a medicinal agent for treating motion sickness, nausea, and vomiting due to its anticholinergic properties, which help alleviate these symptoms by blocking the action of acetylcholine in the nervous system.
Used in Sedation and Amnesia Applications:
Scopolamine is employed as a sedative and amnestic agent, providing calming effects and inducing memory loss, which can be beneficial in certain medical procedures or for managing anxiety in patients.
However, it is important to note that scopolamine also has potential for abuse and can be used as a date rape drug due to its ability to induce amnesia and incapacitation, highlighting the need for responsible and ethical use of 2-butylsulfanylcarbothioylsulfanylpropanoic acid.

Upstream product

• 75-15-0 carbon disulfide 
• 109-79-5 n-butanethiol 
• 598-72-1 2-Bromopropionic acid 

Downstream Products

• 1610665-07-0 C₁₂H₁₇NO₄S₃ 
• 21282-97-3 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl acetoacetate 
• 1340480-67-2 C₁₄H₂₆O₂S₄ 
• 1225202-64-1 3-(trimethylsilyl)prop-2-ynyl-2-(butylthiocarbonothioylthio) propanoate 
• 1201925-03-2 S-1-butyl-S'-(α-methyl-α'-propargylacetate)trithiocarbonate 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Ab initio emulsion polymerization by RAFT-controlled self-assembly

A method is developed to enable emulsion polymerization to be performed under RAFT control to give living character without the problems that often affect such systems: formation of an oily layer, loss of colloidal stability, or loss of molecular weight control. Trithiocarbonate RAFT agents are used to form short stabilizing blocks from a water-soluble monomer, from which diblocks can be created by the subsequent polymerization of a Hydrophobic monomer. These diblocks are designed to self-assemble to form micelles. Polymerization is initially performed under conditions that avoid the presence of monomer droplets during the particle formation stage and until the hydrophobic ends of the diblocks have become sufficiently long to prevent them from desorbing from the newly formed particles. Polymerization is then continued at any desired feed rate and composition of monomer. The polymer forming in the reaction remains under RAFT control throughout the polymerization; molecular weight polydispersities are generally low. The number of RAFT-ended chains within a particle is much larger than the aggregation number at which the original micelles would have self-assembled, implying that in the early stages of the polymerization, there is aggregation of the micelles and/or migration of the diblocks. The latexes resulting from this approach are stabilized by anchored blocks of the hydrophilic monomer, e.g., acrylic acid, with no labile surfactant present. Sequential polymerization of two hydrophobic monomers gives completely novel core - shell particles where most chains extend from the core of the particles through the shell layer to the surface.

Photocontrolled Radical Polymerization from Hydridic C-H Bonds

Given the ubiquity of carbon-hydrogen bonds in biomolecules and polymer backbones, the development of a photocontrolled polymerization selectively grafting from a C-H bond represents a powerful strategy for polymer conjugation. This approach would circumvent the need for complex synthetic pathways currently used to introduce functionality at a polymer chain end. On this basis, we developed a hydrogen-atom abstraction strategy that allows for a controlled polymerization selectively from a hydridic C-H bond using a benzophenone photocatalyst, a trithiocarbonate-derived disulfide, and visible light. We performed the polymerization from a variety of ethers, alkanes, unactivated C-H bonds, and alcohols. Our method lends itself to photocontrol which has important implications for building advanced macromolecular architectures. Finally, we demonstrate that we can graft polymer chains controllably from poly(ethylene glycol) showcasing the potential application of this method for controlled grafting from C-H bonds of commodity polymers.

Polymer Self-Assembly Induced Enhancement of Ice Recrystallization Inhibition

Ice binding proteins modulate ice nucleation/growth and have huge (bio)technological potential. There are few synthetic materials that reproduce their function, and rational design is challenging due to the outstanding questions about the mechanisms of ice binding, including whether ice binding is essential to reproduce all their macroscopic properties. Here we report that nanoparticles obtained by polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) inhibit ice recrystallization (IRI) despite their constituent polymers having no apparent activity. Poly(ethylene glycol), poly(dimethylacrylamide), and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) coronas were all IRI-active when assembled into nanoparticles. Different core-forming blocks were also screened, revealing the core chemistry had no effect. These observations show ice binding domains are not essential for macroscopic IRI activity and suggest that the size, and crowding, of polymers may increase the IRI activity of "non-active"polymers. It was also discovered that poly(vinylpyrrolidone) particles had ice crystal shaping activity, indicating this polymer can engage ice crystal surfaces, even though on its own it does not show any appreciable ice recrystallization inhibition. Larger (vesicle) nanoparticles are shown to have higher ice recrystallization inhibition activity compared to smaller (sphere) particles, whereas ice nucleation activity was not found for any material. This shows that assembly into larger structures can increase IRI activity and that increasing the "size"of an IRI does not always lead to ice nucleation. This nanoparticle approach offers a platform toward ice-controlling soft materials and insight into how IRI activity scales with molecular size of additives.

Multicolor Emitting Block Copolymer-Integrated Graphene Quantum Dots for Colorimetric, Simultaneous Sensing of Temperature, pH, and Metal Ions

Highly selective optical sensors that are capable of detecting complex stimuli have attracted significant interest in environmental, biomedical, and analytical chemistry applications. In this Article, we report the development of novel and versatile platform for highly efficient, colorimetric multifunctional sensors using block copolymer-integrated graphene quantum dots (bcp-GQDs). In particular, the multisensing behavior is successfully generated simply by grafting blue-emitting, temperature-responsive block copolymers onto green-emitting, 10 nm size GQD that provides luminescent response to pH changes. Thus, the bcp-GQDs showed simultaneous, orthogonal sensing behavior to temperature and pH, as well as dose-dependent responses to different types of metal ions. In addition, the bcp-GQD sensor showed excellent reversibility and dispersion stability in pure water, indicating that our system is an ideal platform for environmental and biological applications. The detailed mechanism of the responsive behavior of the bcp-GQDs was elucidated by measurements of time-resolved fluorescence and dynamic light scattering.

Cell surface clicking of antibody-recruiting polymers to metabolically azide-labeled cancer cells

Triggering antibody-mediated innate immune mechanisms to kill cancer cells is an attractive therapeutic avenue. In this context, recruitment of endogenous antibodies to the cancer cell surface could be a viable alternative to the use of monoclonal antibodies. We report on antibody-recruiting polymers containing multiple antibody-binding hapten motifs and cyclooctynes that can covalently conjugate to azides introduced onto the glycocalyx of cancer cells by metabolic labeling with azido sugars.

DNA-Polymer Conjugates by Photoinduced RAFT Polymerization

Conventional grafting-to approaches to DNA-polymer conjugates are often limited by low reaction yields due to the sterically hindered coupling of a presynthesized polymer to DNA. The grafting-from strategy, in contrast, allows one to directly graft polymers from an initiator that is covalently attached to DNA. Herein, we report blue-light-mediated reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (Photo-RAFT) polymerization from two different RAFT agent-terminated DNA sequences using Eosin Y as the photocatalyst in combination with ascorbic acid. Three monomer families (methacrylates, acrylates and acrylamides) were successfully polymerized from DNA employing Photo-RAFT polymerization. We demonstrate that the length of the grown polymer chain can be varied by altering the monomer to DNA-initiator ratio, while the self-assembly features of the DNA strands were maintained. In summary, we describe a convenient, light-mediated approach toward DNA-polymer conjugates via the grafting-from approach.

Controllable Nanostructure Formation through Enthalpy-Driven Assembly of Polyoxometalate Clusters and Block Copolymers

The coassembly of block copolymers (BCPs) with nanoscale inorganic objects is an important route to fabricate nanostructured polymer composites. However, the immiscibility of inorganic/polymeric interface is a recurring challenge to overcome, particularly for inorganic clusters, such as the polyoxometalates (POMs)/BCPs system. In this paper, we present a general method to incorporate POMs into BCP matrices, in which a POM cluster is embedded as a core in a supramolecular star polymer (SSP) whose arms possess the same chemical composition as a BCP segment. Because of the enthalpic interaction between SSP arms and BCP segments, the SSP can carry POM into BCP matrices to realize their coassembly. By this way, we successfully localize a Keggin-type POM cluster [CoW12O40]6- modified with polystyrene (PS) arms into the PS domain of poly(styrene-b-ethylene oxide) micelles, which induces the formation of a series of hybrid micelles with spherical, toroidal, and bicontinuous structures. The morphological transition of micelles can be adjusted by the length of PS arms and the content of cluster cores. The mechanism is studied by both experimental methods and simulations. An unconventional mechanism for toroid formation is disclosed for the first time, which follows a sphere-rosary-toroid pathway. Furthermore, the electrostatically bonded structure of SSP is found to play a crucial role on this pathway. These results not only pave the way for fabricating cluster-polymer nanocomposites with controllable structures but also provide new insights into comprehending the self-assembly behavior of complex polymer systems.

Fluorescent and pH-responsive diblock copolymer-coated core-shell CdSe/ZnS particles for a color-displaying, ratiometric pH sensor

A color distinctive, ratiometric pH sensor was demonstrated using pH responsive and fluorescent (PyMMP-b-P2VP) diblock copolymer coated CdSe/ZnS QDs. Due to the change in the P2VP conformations in response to pH change, the color of QDs in solution changes distinctly from blue to red.

"Click" synthesis of thermally stable au nanoparticles with highly grafted polymer shell and control of their behavior in polymer matrix

Thermally stable core-shell gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) with highly grafted polymer shells were synthesized by combining reversible addition-fragmentation transfer (RAFT) polymerization and click chemistry of copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). First, alkyne-terminated poly(4-benzylchloride-b-styrene) (alkyne-PSCl-b-PS) was prepared from the alkyne-terminated RAFT agent. Then, an alkyne-PSCl-b-PS chain was coupled to azide-functionalized Au NPs via the CuAAC reaction. Careful characterization using FT-IR, UV-Vis, and TGA showed that PSCl-b-PS chains were successfully grafted onto the Au NP surface with high grafting density. Finally, azide groups were introduced to PSCl-b-PS chains on the Au NP surface to produce thermally stable Au NPs with crosslinkable polymer shell (Au-PSN3-b-PS 1). As the control sample, PS-b-PSN3-coated Au NPs (Au-PSN3-b-PS 2) were made by the conventional "grafting to" approach. The grafting density of polymer chains on Au-PSN3-b-PS 1 was found to be much higher than that on Au-PSN3-b-PS 2. To demonstrate the importance of having the highly packed polymer shell on the nanoparticles, Au-PSN 3-b-PS 1 particles were added into the PS and PS-b-poly(2- vinylpyridine) matrix, respectively. Consequently, it was found that Au-PSN 3-b-PS 1 nanoparticles were well dispersed in the PS matrix and PS-b-P2VP matrix without any aggregation even after annealing at 220 °C for 2 days. Our simple and powerful approach could be easily extended to design other core-shell inorganic nanoparticles.