54-04-6 Usage
Description
Mescaline is one of the main active ingredients in the peyote
plant, Lophophora williamsii. It is also found in several other
cacti including the South American Trichocereus otherwise
known as the Peruvian torch species. Mescaline can also be
synthesized in the laboratory. It is one of the oldest known
hallucinogenic drugs. Ingestion of mescaline via use of the
peyote cactus has been used in rituals by North American
Indians dating back thousands of years. Ingestion of peyote
was also common among the Aztec, Apache, and Pima
Indians for religious, ceremonial, and medicinal purposes.
Mescaline was isolated from peyote in 1896 by the chemist
Hefter and in 1919, the chemical structure was confirmed by
Spath. There are many analogs of mescaline with over 250
being prepared and self-tested by the chemist and pharmacologist,
Alexander Shulgin (aka Sasha Shulgin). Mescaline
became a Schedule I drug and was placed in Controlled
Substances Act in 1970. Many of the related chemicals or
analogs of mescaline were also placed in Schedule I of the
Controlled Substances Act.
Chemical Properties
White Powder
Uses
Different sources of media describe the Uses of 54-04-6 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Psychedelic Alkoloid
2. Mescaline is used recreationally as a hallucinogenic drug and it
is used in religious ceremonies for spiritual purposes by groups
such as the Native American church. Mescaline is purported not
to have any therapeutic benefits based on its Schedule I status.
When used recreationally typical doses range from 300 to
500 mg orally.
Definition
ChEBI: A phenethylamine alkaloid that is phenethylamine substituted at positions 3, 4 and 5 by methoxy groups.
Hazard
Highly toxic by ingestion.
Safety Profile
Poison by
intraperitoneal and intravenous routes.
Moderately toxic by ingestion route. An
experimental teratogen. Other experimental
reproductive effects. Human systemic
effects by intramuscular route: euphoria and
hallucinations, dstorted perceptions. A
psychotoimetic agent (a drug of abuse).
When heated to decomposition it emits
toxic fumes of NOx.
Environmental Fate
The primary exposure pathway is oral via ingestion of the
chemical powder or salt or via ingestion of peyote ‘ buttons.’
These buttons are the round, fleshy tops of the cactus that are
sliced and dried. Multiple buttons of peyote are typically
ingested due to the relatively small content (i.e., 40–50 mg) of
individual peyote buttons.
Toxicity evaluation
The exact mechanism of mescaline has not been clearly
defined. The central nervous system effects of mescaline appear
to involve stimulation of both serotonin and dopamine
receptors. In experimental studies, these effects can be blocked
by either serotonin antagonists such as methysergide or
dopamine antagonists such as haloperidol. Mescaline is structurally
related to the amphetamines and cathine and cathinone,
which are found in the plant Catha edulis. Mescaline is
a ring-substituted phenethylamine. Sympathomimetic effects
can occur and are thought to be centrally mediated. High doses
of peyote/mescaline can produce more pronounced sympathomimetic
effects such as tachycardia and hypertension.
Hallucinations may be associated with homicidal, suicidal, or
psychotic behaviors. There have been no reported deaths due to
the physiological effects of peyote/mescaline. Traumatic deaths
have occurred secondary to hallucinations. Mescaline does not
appear to inhibit monoamine oxidase.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 54-04-6 includes 5 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 2 digits, 5 and 4 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 0 and 4 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 54-04:
(4*5)+(3*4)+(2*0)+(1*4)=36
36 % 10 = 6
So 54-04-6 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C11H17NO3/c1-5-12-8-6-9(13-2)11(15-4)10(7-8)14-3/h6-7,12H,5H2,1-4H3
54-04-6Relevant articles and documents
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Kindler,Peschke
, p. 410,412 (1932)
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Synthesis, binding, and functional properties of tetrahydroisoquinolino-2-alkyl phenones as selective σ2R/TMEM97 ligands
Xie, Xiao-Yang,Li, Yu-Yun,Ma, Wen-Hui,Chen, Ai-Fang,Sun, Yu-Tong,Lee, Ji Youn,Riad, Aladdin,Xu, Dao-Hua,Mach, Robert H.,Huang, Yun-Sheng
, (2020/10/12)
Sigma-2 receptor (σ2R/TMEM97) has been implicated to play important roles in multiple cellular dysfunctions, such as cell neoplastic proliferation, neuro-inflammation, neurodegeneration, etc. Selective σ2 ligands are believed to be promising pharmacological tools to regulate or diagnose various disorders. As an ongoing effort of discovery of new and selective σ2 ligands, we have synthesized a series of tetrahydroisoquinolino-2-alkyl phenone analogs and identified that 10 of them have moderate to potent affinity and selectivity for σ2R/TMEM97. Especially, 4 analogs showed Ki values ranging from 0.38 to 5.1 nM for σ2R/TMEM97 with no or low affinity for sigma-1 receptor (σ1R). Functional assays indicated that these 4 most potent analogs had no effects on intracellular calcium concentration and were classified as putative σ2R/TMEM97 antagonists according to current understanding. The σ2R/TMEM97 has been suggested to play important roles in the central nervous system. Based on published pharmacological and clinical results from several regarded σ2R/TMEM97 antagonists, these analogs may potentially be useful for the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases.
Synthesis of Functionalized Indolines and Dihydrobenzofurans by Iron and Copper Catalyzed Aryl C-N and C-O Bond Formation
Henry, Martyn C.,Senn, Hans Martin,Sutherland, Andrew
, p. 346 - 364 (2019/01/08)
A simple and effective one-pot, two-step intramolecular aryl C-N and C-O bond forming process for the preparation of a wide range of benzo-fused heterocyclic scaffolds using iron and copper catalysis is described. Activated aryl rings were subjected to a highly regioselective, iron(III) triflimide-catalyzed iodination, followed by a copper(I)-catalyzed intramolecular N-or O-arylation step leading to indolines, dihydrobenzofurans, and six-membered analogues. The general applicability and functional group tolerance of this method were exemplified by the total synthesis of the neolignan natural product, (+)-obtusafuran. DFT calculations using Fukui functions were also performed, providing a molecular orbital rationale for the highly regioselective arene iodination process.