5412-06-6

Upstream product

• 229-87-8 phenanthridine 
• 77-78-1 dimethyl sulfate 
• 74-88-4 methyl iodide 
• 30319-92-7 5-methyl-5,6-dihydro-phenanthridine 
• 42792-95-0 2-methyl-5-nitroisoquinolin-2-ium iodide 
• 50741-48-5 3-cyano-1-methylquinolinium iodide 
• 38559-35-2 3,10-dimethyl-5-deazaisoalloxazine 
• 2350-75-6 10-methyl-acridinium; bromide 
• 148123-23-3 6-acetonyl-5,6-dihydro-5-methylphenanthridine 
• 7732-18-5 water 
• 10034-85-2 hydrogen iodide 
• 27799-79-7 5,6-dihydrophenanthridine 
• 1015-89-0 6(5H)-phenanthridinone 

Downstream Products

• 30319-92-7 5-methyl-5,6-dihydro-phenanthridine 
• 38559-35-2 3,10-dimethyl-5-deazaisoalloxazine 
• 65201-98-1 5-methylphenanthridinium chloride 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

An unexpected [2+2]-cycloaddition reaction of 4-methyldithieno-[3,4-b:3′,2′-d]pyridinium iodide with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate

An unexpected [2+2]-cycloaddition occured in the reaction of 4-methyldithieno-[3,4-b:3′,2′-d]pyridinium iodide (3)with two equivalents of DMAD, giving 4-(trans-1,2-dicarbomethoxy-2- iodovinyl)-5-methyl-6,7-dicarbomethoxy-4,5-dihydrothieno[23-c]quinoline (4) in 54% yield. 4 is formed via 4-methyl-5-(trans-1,2-dicarbomethoxy-2-iodo-4,5-dihydrothieno[3,4-b:3′, 2′-d]pyridine (16), followed by [2+2]-cycloaddition. The primary adduct rearranges via a thiepin to an episulfide which eliminates sulfur to give 4. Copyright

Highly stable phenanthridinium frameworks as a new class of tunable DNA binding agents with cytotoxic properties

A new class of cytotoxic heteroaromatic cations is presented, based on the dihydro-imidazo-phenanthridinium framework (DIP), that have affinity for DNA and cytotoxicity toward cancerous cells. The DIP framework is particularly tunable due to the flexible

Reduction of a Quaternary Phenanthridinium Salt in a Chemical Ionization Source when Introduced by Direct Injection in Acetonitrile

Reduction of phenanthridinium methiodide to its dihydroderivative was observed when a solution of the sample in acetonitrile was injected in the chemical ionization source of a combined liquid chromatograph/mass spectrometer equipped with a direct liquid introduction interface and a polarized desolvation chamber.

Carbene-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of isoquinolinium salts: Efficient synthesis of isoquinolinones

A mild and environmentally friendly carbene-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of isoquinolinium salts was successfully realized. Accordingly, a diverse set of isoquinolinones and phenanthridinones was efficiently prepared in good to excellent yields. The mechanistic study indicates that the formation of an aza-Breslow intermediate is the crucial step in this transformation. This reaction features ambient air as the sole oxidant and oxygen source, a broad substrate scope, and excellent functional-group tolerance and proceeds under mild reaction conditions. Furthermore, a highly efficient synthesis of bioactive molecules and natural products including N-methylcrinasiadine, N-isopentylcrinasiadine, N-phenethylcrinasiadine, isoindolo[2,1-b]isoquinolin-5(7H)-one, PJ-34, rac-Gusanlung D, rosettacin, 8-oxopseudopalmatine and ilicifoline B was accomplished.

Steric Effects on the Primary Isotope Dependence of Secondary Kinetic Isotope Effects in Hydride Transfer Reactions in Solution: Caused by the Isotopically Different Tunneling Ready State Conformations?

The observed 1° isotope effect on 2° KIEs in H-transfer reactions has recently been explained on the basis of a H-tunneling mechanism that uses the concept that the tunneling of a heavier isotope requires a shorter donor-acceptor distance (DAD) than that of a lighter isotope. The shorter DAD in D-tunneling, as compared to H-tunneling, could bring about significant spatial crowding effect that stiffens the 2° H/D vibrations, thus decreasing the 2° KIE. This leads to a new physical organic research direction that examines how structure affects the 1° isotope dependence of 2° KIEs and how this dependence provides information about the structure of the tunneling ready states (TRSs). The hypothesis is that H- and D-tunneling have TRS structures which have different DADs, and pronounced 1° isotope effect on 2° KIEs should be observed in tunneling systems that are sterically hindered. This paper investigates the hypothesis by determining the 1° isotope effect on α- and β-2° KIEs for hydride transfer reactions from various hydride donors to different carbocationic hydride acceptors in solution. The systems were designed to include the interactions of the steric groups and the targeted 2° H/D's in the TRSs. The results substantiate our hypothesis, and they are not consistent with the traditional model of H-tunneling and 1° /2° H coupled motions that has been widely used to explain the 1° isotope dependence of 2° KIEs in the enzyme-catalyzed H-transfer reactions. The behaviors of the 1° isotope dependence of 2° KIEs in solution are compared to those with alcohol dehydrogenases, and sources of the observed "puzzling" 2° KIE behaviors in these enzymes are discussed using the concept of the isotopically different TRS conformations. (Figure Presented).

Efficient macrocyclization achieved via conformational control using intermolecular noncovalent π-cation/arene interactions

Quinolinium salt 3 is an effective additive that acts as a conformation control element (CCE) to promote macrocyclization to form rigid cyclophanes via olefin metathesis or Glaser-Hay coupling, which do not cyclize in the absence of the additive. The additives are easily synthesized and highly modifiable and have solubility profiles which allow for simple recovery via filtration.

Driving Force Dependence of Photoinduced Electron Transfer Dynamics of Intercalated Molecules in DNA

A series of acridinium, quinolinium, and phenanthridinium ions (9-substituted-10-methylacridinium (AcrR+, R = H, PrI, and CH2Ph), 3-substituted-1-methylquinolinium (RQuH+, R = CN and Br), and 5-methylphenanthridinium (5-MePhen+) perchlorate salts) are shown to be intercalated into the DNA double helix from calf thymus. The one-electron reduction potentials (Ered0) of these intercalates have been determined in the absence and presence of DNA by both cyclic voltammetry and second harmonic ac voltammetry. The E0red values of intercalators are shifted in a positive direction by intercalation into the DNA double helix. The one-electron oxidation potential (E ox0) of ethidium bromide, which is known to be intercalated into DNA, is also shifted in a positive direction by the intercalation. The wide range of E0red values of intercalators thus determined in the presence of DNA allows us to examine the exact driving force dependence of the rates of photoinduced electron transfer from the singlet excited state of ethidium bromide to the intercalators in DNA for the first time. The resulting data were evaluated in light of the Marcus theory of electron transfer to determine the reorganization energy and the electron coupling matrix element in DNA.

Structure Sensitivity of the Marcus λ for Hydride Transfer between NAD+ Analogues

Thirty-five rate constants, kij, for transfer of hydride between various pyridinium, quinilinium, acridinium, and phenantridinium ions spanning a range of over 10E11 in their equilibrium constants Kij and over 10E6 in kij

Marcus Theory of Hydride Transfer from an Anionic reduced Deazaflavin to NAD+ Analogues

Eighteen rate constants, kij for hydride transfer from the conjugate base of 1,5-dihydro-3,10-dimethyl-5-diazaisoalloxazine to a variety of pyridinium, quinolinium, phenanthridinium, and acridinium ions have been determined. (All the oxidizing agents can be regarded as analogues of NAD+.) The kij values span 7 powers of 10 and the corresponding equilibrium constants, Kij, span more than 13 powers of 10.For reactions with ΔG0 near zero, the kij values are close to those given by modified Marcus theory (ref 10).However, with more negative ΔG0 values, the observed kij increase more strogly than the calculated values.Agreement can be produced by making the standard free energy of precursor complex formation, symbolized WT +- here, to indicate that it applies to reactants of opposite charge, a linear function of ΔG0, and treating the slope and interrcept of the linear relation as adjustable parameters.The best fit is obtained with WT+-(in kJ*mol-1)=-9.4+0.11ΔG0.An avarage discrepancy between calculated and observed ln kij values of 0.5 is achieved, which is a good as the overall fit achieved for hydride transfer from neutral NADH analogues to NAD+ analogues (ref 10).The form and the parameterization of Wf are shown to be a physically reasonable approximation for reactions with ΔG00.These results strengthen the conclusion (ref 10) that a wide range of hydride transfer rates can be quantitavely understood without introducing high-energy metastable intermediates (radicals and radical ions).

KINETICS OF HYDRIDE TRANSFER BETWEEN NITROGEN HETEROAROMATIC CATIONS

The kinetics of the reduction of the 3-cyano-1-methylquinolinium, 4-cyano-2-methylisoquinolinium, and 2-methyl-5-nitroisoquinolinium cations by 9,10-dihydro-10-methylacridine, and also the reduction of these same three cations as well as the 10-methylacridinium cation by 5,6-dihydro-5-methylphenanthridine, have been investigated in 20percent acetonitrile - 80percent water, ionic strength 1.0, 25 deg C.The reactions of the 2-methyl-5-nitroisoquinolinium cation with both reductants, and also of the 4-cyano-2-methylisoquinolinium cation with 9,10-dihydro-10-methylacridine, display kinetic saturation effects in the pseudo-first-order rate constants as a function of heterocyclic cation concentration.These effects are consistent with the formation of 1:1 association complexes between hydride donor and acceptor prior to the rate-determining step of the reduction.The second-order rate constants for these reactions, and also those for analogous heterocyclic cation reductions by 1,4-dihydronicotinamides, show systematic variations as a function of the hydride donor and acceptor species.