57640-76-3

Usage

Uses

Used in Chemical Synthesis:
(6-BROMO-1-OXOHEXYL)FERROCENE is used as a reactant for the preparation of various specialized compounds, including:
1. Maleimide-modified phosphonium ionic liquids: These ionic liquids are valuable in the field of materials science, particularly for their applications in catalysis and as components in advanced materials.
2. Metal-containing histamine H3 receptor ligands: These ligands are important in the pharmaceutical industry, as they can be used to modulate the activity of histamine H3 receptors, which play a role in various physiological processes and are targets for drug development.
3. Ferrocene-containing polymers as electron transfer mediators: These polymers are utilized in the field of electrochemistry and energy storage, where they can facilitate electron transfer processes in electrochemical cells and improve the performance of batteries and other energy-related applications.

Upstream product

• 102-54-5 ferrocene 
• 4224-70-8 6-bromohexanoic acid 
• 22809-37-6 6-bromohexanoyl chloride 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Synthesis, in vitro antimalarial activities and cytotoxicities of amino-artemisinin-ferrocene derivatives

Novel derivatives bearing a ferrocene attached via a piperazine linker to C-10 of the artemisinin nucleus were prepared from dihydroartemisinin and screened against chloroquine (CQ) sensitive NF54 and CQ resistant K1 and W2 strains of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) parasites. The overall aim is to imprint oxidant (from the artemisinin) and redox (from the ferrocene) activities. In a preliminary assessment, these compounds were shown to possess activities in the low nM range with the most active being compound 6 with IC50 values of 2.79 nM against Pf K1 and 3.2 nM against Pf W2. Overall the resistance indices indicate that the compounds have a low potential for cross resistance. Cytotoxicities were determined with Hek293 human embryonic kidney cells and activities against proliferating cells were assessed against A375 human malignant melanoma cells. The selectivity indices of the amino-artemisinin ferrocene derivatives indicate there is overall an appreciably higher selectivity towards the malaria parasite than mammalian cells.

Synthesis, characterisation and properties of ferrocenylalkylimidazolium salts

New ferrocenylalkylimidazolium salts [Fc(CH2)n(C3H3N2)R]X- were synthesised through the incorporation of green chemistry principles of atom economy and when feasible under solvent-free conditions. The products comprise a series of salts all characterised by the ferrocenyl moiety with variations in the length of the linker alkyl chain (n), the size of the imidazolium alkyl substituent (R) or the electronic nature of the counter-ion (X-). The dependence of the physical and electronic properties of the salts on the three main structural variants was studied. It was found that variation in the steric size of the R group has the most profound influence on the melting points of the ionic liquids. The compounds were fully characterised by IR, 1H and 13C NMR, MS and melting point determinations.

Development of a Novel Ferrocenyl Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Therapy

Owing to the lack of target-directed therapies, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is difficult to effectively treat. In this article, a novel organometallic histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, Fc-SelSA, based on the selenocyanide (SelSA) zinc-binding motif, was synthesized using a ferrocenyl group as the cap to confer activity against TNBC. The synthesized Fc-SelSA was evaluated for bioactivity in vitro and in vivo. An enzymatic assay showed that Fc-SelSA was a potent HDAC inhibitor with a half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 14.8 nM. Molecular docking studies of Fc-SelSA with HDAC suggested that the ferrocenyl unit overlaps with the phenyl group of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and the amido group of Fc-SelSA can form hydrogen bonds with the D98 and G151 residues of HDAC, but SAHA and SelSA do not show similar interactions. Moreover, Fc-SelSA reactivated the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) expression, sensitized TNBC cells to the antagonist tamoxifen, and exerted more potent antitumor effects against TNBC MDA-MB-231 tumor xenografts in comparison to SelSA with no obvious side effects. Our results indicate that Fc-SelSA is a potent oral anticancer candidate for HDAC-targeted TNBC therapy and deserves further investigation for clinical application.

The evaluations of 99mTc cyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl triphenyl phosphonium cation for multidrug resistance

A triphenylphosphonium cation, [99mTc]Technetium cyclopentadienyltricarbonyl-6-hexanoyl-triphenylphosphonium cation ([99mTc]3) was prepared to target multidrug resistance (MDR). The radiotracer was evaluated in the MDR-negative MCF-7 and MDR-positive MCF-7/ADR cell lines in vitro, as well as animal models in vivo. [99mTc]3 was proofed to be a substrate of P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistant protein 1, and showed a higher accumulation in the MDR-negative MCF-7 cells compared to 99mTc-sestamibi in vitro. The MCF-7 tumor-to-MCF-7/ADR tumor ratio of [99mTc]3 was ～3 at 1?h?p.i. in the biodistribution study. These results demonstrated the capability of the radiotracer to detect multidrug resistance in tumor cells.

Modulating electron transfer in ferrocene-naphthoquinone dyads: New insights in parameters influencing ET efficiency

Electron transfer (ET) constitutes a key process for several biological transformations, including solar energy conversion in bacteria and plants. Nowadays, numerous synthetic systems have been proposed to mimic such kind of natural occurring process. In this work, we elucidate the factors that mostly influence the electron transfer process in ferrocene-naphthoquinone dyads. In particular, the connection between the two redox units has been varied, in order to study the ET dependence from: i) the distance between donor-acceptor units and ii) the oxidation potential of the donor species. No interaction among the two moieties has been detected at the ground state, while efficient electron transfer process was observed following excitation of the naphthoquinone through UV-light, as well as upon the aid of a Lewis acid promoter in solution. Moreover, DFT calculations have been performed to support the experimental data.

Preparation method and application of technetium-99m-labeled triphenylphosphine derivative

The invention relates to a preparation method and application of a technetium-99m-labeled triphenylphosphine derivative and can effectively solve problems of preparation of the triphenylphosphine derivative and use for a cationic myocardial imaging agent. The preparation method comprises the following steps: reacting omega-brominated aliphatic acid I to obtain omega-brominated aliphatic acyl chloride II, and enabling the omega-brominated aliphatic acyl chloride II to react with ferrocene to generate an intermediate III in which the chlorine is substituted by the ferrocene; enabling the intermediate III to react with triphenylphosphine and obtaining a solid product precursor IV through separation; adding a Na99mTcO4 leacheate with a radioactive activity of 740 MBq in a polytetrafluorine high-pressure tank, blow-drying with N2, adding the product precursor, Cr(CO)6, CrCL3 and methanol and sealing the polytetrafluorine high-pressure tank; performing magnetic stirring under an oil bath, then taking an ice bath, filtering, purifying a filtrate with HPLC, and analyzing and identifying to obtain the technetium-99m labeled triphenylphosphine derivative. The preparation method provided by the invention is simple, easy to operate, rich in raw materials and low in yield, is effectively used for preparing an SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging agent and is great in medical and commercial values.

Efficacious redox-responsive gene delivery in serum by ferrocenylated monomeric and dimeric cationic cholesterols

Herein, we present the design and synthesis of new redox-active monomeric and dimeric (gemini) cationic lipids based on ferrocenylated cholesterol derivatives for gene delivery. The cationic cholesterols are shown to be transfection efficient after being formulated with the neutral helper lipid DOPE in the presence of serum (FBS). The redox activity of the resulting co-liposomes and their lipoplexes could be regulated using the alkanyl ferrocene moiety attached to the ammonium head groups of the cationic cholesterols. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential measurements were performed to characterize the co-liposomal aggregates and their complexes with pDNA. The transfection efficiency of lipoplexes could be tuned by changing the oxidation state of the ferrocene moiety. The gene transfection capability was assayed in terms of green fluorescence protein (GFP) expression using pEGFP-C3 plasmid DNA in three cell lines of different origins, namely Caco-2, HEK293T and HeLa, in the presence of serum. The vesicles possessing ferrocene in the reduced state induced an efficient transfection, even better than a commercial reagent Lipofectamine 2000 (Lipo 2000) as evidenced by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. All the co-liposomes containing the oxidized ferrocene displayed diminished levels of gene expression. Gene transfection events from the oxidized co-liposomes were further potentiated by introducing ascorbic acid (AA) as a reducing agent during lipoplex incubation with cells, leading to the resumption of transfection activity. Assessment of transfection capability of both reduced and oxidized co-liposomes was also undertaken following cellular internalization of labelled pDNA using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Overall, we demonstrate here controlled gene transfection activities using redox-driven, transfection efficient cationic monomeric and dimeric cholesterol lipids. Such systems could be used in gene delivery applications where transfection needs to be performed spatially or temporally. This journal is

Co-liposomes of redox-active alkyl-ferrocene modified low MW branched PEI and DOPE for efficacious gene delivery in serum

Herein, we present six new lipopolymers based on low molecular weight, branched polyethylenimine (BPEI 800 Da) which are hydrophobically modified using ferrocene terminated alkyl tails of variable lengths. The effects of degree of grafting, spacer length and the redox state of ferrocene in the lipopolymers on the self assembly properties were investigated in detail by TEM, AFM, DLS and zeta potential measurements. The assemblies displayed an oxidation induced increase in the size of the aggregates. The co-liposomes comprising the lipopolymer and a helper lipid, 1,2-dioleoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine (DOPE), showed excellent gene (pDNA) delivery capability in a serum containing environment in two cancer cell lines (HeLa and U251 cells). Optimized formulations showed remarkably higher transfection activity than BPEI (25 kDa) and were also significantly better than a commercial transfection reagent, Lipofectamine 2000 as evidenced from both the luciferase activity and GFP expression analysis. Oxidation of ferrocene in the lipopolymers led to drastically reduced levels of gene transfection which was substantiated by reduced cellular internalization of fluorescently labelled pDNA as detected using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Moreover, the transfection inactive oxidized lipopolyplexes could be turned transfection active by exposure to ascorbic acid (AA) in cell culture medium during transfection. Endocytosis inhibition experiments showed that gene expression mediated by reduced formulations involved both clathrin and caveolae mediated pathways while the oxidized formulations were routed via the caveolae. Cytotoxicity assays revealed no obvious toxicity for the lipopolyplexes in the range of optimized transfection levels in both the cell lines studied. Overall, we have exploited the redox activity of ferrocene in branched PEI-based efficient polymeric gene carriers whose differential transfection activities could be harnessed for spatial or temporal cellular transfections.

Synthesis and characterization of new ferrocene-containing ionic liquids

A series of several new families of ferrocene-containing imidazolium salts were synthesized by etherification of ferrocene methanol, acylation of ferrocene, and amide coupling of ferrocene carboxylic acid. The etherification was achieved by an acid-catalyzed procedure and very good yields of between 86-93-% were obtained. Next to the nature of the linkage itself, the lengths of the alkyl chains linking the ferrocenyl moiety and the imidazolium group and the nature of the counterions were also varied. Interestingly, a γ-effect can be observed for the ether compounds but this effect was only visible in 13C NMR spectroscopy. These new redox-active ionic liquids were fully characterized by FTIR, 1H, 19F, and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and by MS, HRMS and elemental analysis. A novel series of ferrocenated ionic liquids with different spacer species between the ferrocenyl moiety and the imidazolium group have been developed. The spacer units have been established by amide coupling, etherification and acylation. The latter reaction is strongly influenced by the chain length of the acid chloride and a γ-effect is observable for the ether compounds. Copyright

Derivatisation of microcystin with a redox-active label for high-performance liquid chromatography/electrochemical detection

Microcystins are a group of low molecular weight, cyclic peptide hepatotoxins. The most common detection and quantitation methods for these toxins are liquid chromatography with UV or mass spectrometric detections, phosphatase inhibition assays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. In addition, derivatisation of these toxins with organic fluorophores followed by CE/laser induced fluorescence detection and HPLC/chemiluminescence detection; and with luminescent lanthanide chelates for competition assays have also been reported. However, the use of an electrochemical-active unit as a tag for microcystins has never been explored. Since the sulfhydryl group of 6-ferrocenylhexanethiol (Fc-C6-SH) can undergo a facile addition reaction with the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl group, this compound has been used as a redox-active labelling agent for a derivative of microcystins, microcystin-LR (MC-LR). The conjugate, Fc-MC-LR, has been isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The peak height-concentration curve was linear in the test range 20-400 ng of MC-LR (r value for linear regression > 0.9987). The detection limit was determined to be ca. 18 ng MC-LR (S/N ≈ 3). Meanwhile, the conjugate Fc-MC-LR has also been characterised by positive-ion electrospray-ionisation mass spectrometry. Electrochemical studies show that the adduct displays a reversible ferrocenium/ferrocene couple at ca. -0.040 V vs. SCE (scan rate = 50 mV s-1) in 0.1 M aqueous ammonium acetate-acetonitrile (55:45 v/v).