5980-15-4Relevant academic research and scientific papers
Esterification of bio-based succinic acid in biphasic systems: Comparison of chemical and biological catalysts
Delhomme, Clara,Goh, Serena L.M.,Kuehn, Fritz E.,Weuster-Botz, Dirk
experimental part, p. 39 - 47 (2012/09/07)
Different chemical and biological catalysts were screened for the biphasic esterification of aqueous solutions of succinic acid with 1-octanol. Among them, DBSA, Nafion NR-50 and Novozym 435 were found to be the most attractive catalysts. The pH, the temperature and the catalyst concentration had high impacts on the reaction rates. The optimization of the reaction conditions with a single-variable approach for the chemical catalysts and a Response Surface Methodology for the enzyme allowed an increase of the rates by a factor 1.5 for DBSA, 2.3 for Nafion NR-50 and 1.3 for Novozym 435. Real fermentation broths produced from recombinant Escherichia coli could be successfully esterified with conversions up to 93% for DBSA and 70% for Nafion NR-50 and Novozym 435 as catalysts. Finally, DBSA was selected as the cheapest and most active option. Besides, the esters were isolated with a purity of 83% from fermentation broth solutions. DBSA also catalyzed the esterification of succinic acid from fermentation broth with many alcohols creating a broad spectrum of interesting esters. The esters might then be used as end-product, hydrolyzed back to pure succinic acid or hydrogenated.
Detection of long alkyl esters of succinic and maleic acid using TLC-MALDI-MS
Kim, Jinhee,Han, Sang-Pil,Kim, Jeongkwon,Kim, Yeong-Joon
experimental part, p. 915 - 920 (2012/01/13)
Four esters of succinic and maleic acid were synthesized, separated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). A comparison of matrix materials showed that 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,6-DHB) yielded a greater ionization efficiency than 2,5-DHB prior to TLC separation. The location of each ester sample on the TLC plate was estimated by comparing the developed plate with a duplicate plate that had been visualized by immersion in a KMnO 4 solution. Generally, mass spectra obtained from the KMnO4-visualized plate were relatively poor. Reproducible mass spectra with high peak abundance were difficult to obtain using the 2,6-DHB matrix from crude synthetic esters extracted from the TLC plates. Significant improvements in both reproducibility and sensitivity were realized by using pencil lead as the MALDI matrix. The current methodology will be beneficial to organic chemists since it can provide a guideline for simple and rapid characterization of small organic compounds. Copyright
Dicarboxylic acid esters as transdermal permeation enhancers: Effects of chain number and geometric isomers
Novotny, Michal,Hrabalek, Alexandr,Janusova, Barbora,Novotny, Jakub,Vavrova, Katerina
supporting information; experimental part, p. 344 - 347 (2011/02/26)
A series of transdermal permeation enhancers based on dicarboxylic acid esters was studied. Single-chain amphiphiles were markedly more effective than the double-chain ones. Monododecyl maleate, that is a cis derivative, was a more potent enhancer than its trans isomer, while the activity of succinates strongly depended on the donor vehicle. No difference between diastereoisomeric tartaric and meso-tartaric acid derivatives was found.
