60347-68-4

Upstream product

• 42516-28-9 ethyl (2E)-4-(diethoxyphosphoryl)crotonate 
• 3917-41-7 (2E,4E)-3-methyl-5-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,4-pentadienal 
• 2396-84-1 (2E,4E)-ethyl hexa-2,4-dienoate 
• 7235-40-7 beta-carotene 
• 303779-99-9 (E)-2-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)-ethenyl (trifluoromethyl)sulfonate 
• 3917-39-3 (2E,4E)-3-methyl-5-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexenyl)-2,4-pentadien-1-ol 
• 99747-72-5 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate 

Downstream Products

• 58508-31-9 (2E,4E,6E,8E)-7-methyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Cross metathesis of β-carotene with electron-deficient dienes. A direct route to retinoids

Cross metathesis (CM) reactions of β-carotene and alkenes occur regioselectively in the presence of the Hoveyda second generation catalyst. Scission of the C15-C15′ and C11-C12 bonds of β-carotene in all CM reactions predominates. The reaction with ethyl

Preparation and biological activity of 13-substituted retinoic acids

13-Demethyl or 13-substituted all-E- and 9Z-retinoic acids were synthesized using a palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction of enol triflates and tributylstannylolefins. Their biological activities were then measured. The 13-ethyl analogs exhibited approximately one-half of the antiproliferative and differentiation-inducing activity of ATRA in HL-60 cells. In contrast, in the 9Z-derivatives, all analogs, except for the 13-butyl derivatives, showed apoptosis-inducing activity.

A comprehensive survey of Stille-type C(sp2)-C(sp2) single bond forming processes in the synthesis of retinoic acid and analogs

The synthesis of the retinoid skeleton has been exhaustively explored using the Stille coupling for the formation of the side- chain single bonds. On employing the experimental catalytic conditions developed by Farina [Pd2(dba)3, AsPh3, NMP] we have modified the electronic and steric requirement of the coupling partners, alkenyl stannanes and electrophiles (alkenyl iodides and triflates). The comprehensive survey afforded appropriately matched components for every bond formation considered. Moreover, from the comparison of the reactivities of different coupling partners with different degrees of steric hindrance, the sensitivity of the Stille coupling to steric effects was confirmed. Besides providing a variety of building blocks for retinoid synthesis, the study highlights some trends that might be useful for the application of the Stille reaction to the synthesis of unsubstituted conjugated polyenes.