618-47-3Relevant articles and documents
In vitro metabolism and interactions of pyridostigmine bromide, N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide, and permethrin in human plasma and liver microsomal enzymes
Abu-Qare,Abou-Donia
, p. 294 - 313 (2008)
1. The in vitro human plasma activity and liver microsomal metabolism of pyridostigmine bromide (PB), a prophylactic treatment against organophosphate nerve agent attack, N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), an insect repellent, and permethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, either alone or in combination were investigated. 2. The three chemicals disappeared from plasma in the following order: permethrin > PB > DEET. The combined incubation of DEET with either permethrin or PB had no effect on permethrin or PB. Binary incubation with permethrin decreased the metabolism of PB and its disappearance from plasma and binary incubation with PB decreased the metabolism of permethrin and its clearance from plasma. Incubation with PB and/or permethrin shortened the DEET terminal half-life in plasma. These agents behaved similarly when studied in liver microsomal assays. The combined incubation of DEET with PB or permethrin (alone or in combination) diminished DEET metabolism in microsomal systems. 3. The present study evidences that PB and permethrin are metabolized by both human plasma and liver microsomal enzymes and that DEET is mainly metabolized by liver oxidase enzymes. Combined exposure to test chemicals increases their neurotoxicity by impeding the body's ability to eliminate them because of the competition for detoxifying enzymes.
Ru(ii)- And Ru(iv)-dmso complexes catalyze efficient and selective aqueous-phase nitrile hydration reactions under mild conditions
Dubey, Santosh Kumar,Kaur, Gurmeet,Rath, Nigam P.,Trivedi, Manoj
, p. 17339 - 17346 (2021/10/08)
New water-soluble ruthenium(ii)- and ruthenium(iv)-dmso complexes [RuCl2(dmso)2(NH3)(CH3CN)] (1), [RuCl2(dmso)3(CH3CN)] (2), and [RuCl2(dmso)3(NH3)]·PF6·Cl (3) have been synthesized and characterized using elemental analyses, IR, 1H and 31P NMR, and electronic absorption spectroscopy. The molecular structures of complexes 1-3 were determined crystallographically. The reactivity of complexes 1-3 has been tested for aqueous-phase nitrile hydration at 60 °C in air, and good efficiency and selectivity are shown for the corresponding amide derivatives. Best performance is achieved with complex 3. Amide conversions of 56-99% were obtained with a variety of aromatic, alkyl, and vinyl nitriles. The reaction tolerated hydroxyl, nitro, bromo, formyl, pyridyl, benzyl, alkyl, and olefinic functional groups. Amides were isolated by simple decantation from the aqueous-phase catalyst. A catalyst loading down to 0.0001 mol% was examined and turnover numbers as high as 990?000 were observed. The catalyst was stable for weeks in solution and could be reused more than seven times without significant loss in catalytic activity. The gram-scale reaction was also performed to produce the desired product in high yields. This journal is
Aerobic oxidation of primary amines to amides catalyzed by an annulated mesoionic carbene (MIC) stabilized Ru complex
Yadav, Suman,Reshi, Noor U Din,Pal, Saikat,Bera, Jitendra K.
, p. 7018 - 7028 (2021/11/17)
Catalytic aerobic oxidation of primary amines to the amides, using the precatalyst [Ru(COD)(L1)Br2] (1) bearing an annulated π-conjugated imidazo[1,2-a][1,8]naphthyridine-based mesoionic carbene ligand L1, is disclosed. This catalytic protocol is distinguished by its high activity and selectivity, wide substrate scope and modest reaction conditions. A variety of primary amines, RCH2NH2 (R = aliphatic, aromatic and heteroaromatic), are converted to the corresponding amides using ambient air as an oxidant in the presence of a sub-stoichiometric amount of KOtBu in tBuOH. A set of control experiments, Hammett relationships, kinetic studies and DFT calculations are undertaken to divulge mechanistic details of the amine oxidation using 1. The catalytic reaction involves abstraction of two amine protons and two benzylic hydrogen atoms of the metal-bound primary amine by the oxo and hydroxo ligands, respectively. A β-hydride transfer step for the benzylic C-H bond cleavage is not supported by Hammett studies. The nitrile generated by the catalytic oxidation undergoes hydration to afford the amide as the final product. This journal is
