71423-68-2

Upstream product

• 76686-06-1 Acetic acid 3-((1E,3E,5E,7E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-oxo-nona-1,3,5,7-tetraenyl)-2,4,4-trimethyl-cyclohex-2-enyl ester 
• 472-86-6 13-cis-vitamin A aldehyde 
• 116-31-4 vitamin A aldehyde 
• 15401-34-0 3-hydroxy-β-ionone 
• 37677-81-9 4-(1,3,3-trimethyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hept-2-yl)-3-buten-2-one 
• 1209-68-3 3-methyl-5-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)penta-2, 4-dienal 
• 19834-52-7 3-Methyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethyl-cyclohexen-⁽¹⁾-yl)-pentadien-(1,3)-saeure-⁽⁵⁾-nitril 
• 79-77-6 4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-buten-2-one 

Downstream Products

• 71423-69-3 4-keto-13-cis-retinal 
• 33532-44-4 4-keto-all-trans-retinal 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

COMPOUNDS AND METHODS OF TREATING OCULAR DISORDERS

A method of treating an ocular disorder in a subject associated with increased all-trans-retinal in an ocular tissue includes administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a primary amine compound of formula (I); and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

One step and convenient preparations of 4-hydroxyretinal and 4- oxoretinal

Treatment of all-trans-retinal with one and two equivalents of NBS in a mixture of CH3CN-CH2Cl2-H2O provide 4-hydroxyretinal and 4-oxoretinal, respectively, in good yields.

Metabolism of all-trans, 9-cis, and 13-cis isomers of retinal by purified isozymes of microsomal cytochrome P450 and mechanism-based inhibition of retinoid oxidation by citral

The involvement of a series of microsomal cytochrome P450 (P450) isozymes in all-trans-retinoid metabolism, including the conversion of all-trans- retinal to all-trans-retinoic acid, was previously described. In the current study, we examined the role of seven liver microsomal P450 isozymes in the oxidation of three isomers of retinal. P450 1A1, which was not tested previously, is by far the most active in the conversion of all-trans-, 9- cis-, and 13-cis-retinal to the corresponding acids, as well as in the 4- hydroxylation of all-trans- and 13-cis retinal. In contrast, P450s 2B4 and 2C3 are the most active in the 4-hydroxylation of 9-cis-retinal, with turnover numbers ~7 times as great as that of P450 1A1. The inclusion of cytochrome b5 in the reconstituted enzyme system is without effect or inhibitory in most cases but stimulates the 4-hydroxylation of 9-cis-retinal by P450 2B4, giving a turnover of 3.7 nmol of product/min/nmol of this isozyme, the highest for any of the retinoid conversions we have studied. Evidence was obtained for two additional catalytic reactions not previously attributed to P450 oxygenases: the oxidation of all-trans- and 9-cis-retinal to the corresponding 4-oxo derivatives by isoform 1A2, and the oxidative cleavage of the acetyl ester of vitamin A (retinyl acetate) to all-trans- retinal, also by isoform 1A2. The physiological significance of the latter reaction, with a K(m) for the ester of 32 μM and a V(max) of 18 pmol/min/nmol of P450, remains to be established. We also examined the effect on P450 of citral, a terpenoid α,β-unsaturated aldehyde and a known inhibitor of cytosolic retinoid dehydrogenases. Evidence was obtained that citral is an effective mechanism-based inactivator of isozyme 2B4, with a K1 of 44 μM as determined by the oxidation of 1-phenylethanol to acetophenone, and by isozyme 1A2 in the oxidation of all-trans-retinal to the corresponding acid and by isozyme 2B4 in the 4-hydroxylation of all-trans-retinol and retinoic acid. Thus, citral is not suitable for use in attempts to distinguish between retinoid conversions catalyzed by dehydrogenases in the cytoplasm and by P450 cytochromes in the endoplasmic reticulum.

SYNTHESIS OF OXYGENATED RETINOIDS

Reaction of all-trans retinal with NBS in acetic acid gives 4-acetoxyretinal which hydrolyses in the presence of 1percent K2CO3-MeOH to give 4-hydroxyretinal.Oxidation of 4-hydroxyretinal with PCC gives 4-oxo-retinal.Isomerization of 13-trans to 13-cis do