7523-15-1Relevant academic research and scientific papers
CATALYST AND PRECURSOR THEREOF AND METHOD OF FORMING DIALKYL CARBONATE
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Paragraph 0036, (2021/06/22)
A method of forming dialkyl carbonate is provided, which includes introducing carbon dioxide into a catalyst to form dialkyl carbonate, wherein the catalyst is formed by activating a catalyst precursor using alcohol, wherein alcohol is R3—OH, and R3 is C1-12 alkyl group or C5-12 aryl or heteroaryl group. The catalyst precursor is formed by reacting Sn(R1)2(L)2 and Ti(OR2)4, and Sn(R1)2(L)2 and Ti(OR2)4 have a molar ratio of 1:2 to 2:1. R1 is C1-10 alkyl group, R2 is H or C1-12 alkyl group, and L is O—(C═O)—R5, and R5 is C1-12 alkyl group. The dialkyl carbonate is
Synthesis of ethyl hexyl ether over acidic ion-exchange resins for cleaner diesel fuel
Guilera,Ramírez,Fité,Tejero,Cunill
, p. 2238 - 2250 (2015/04/14)
The synthesis of ethyl hexyl ether as a suitable diesel additive was investigated using 1-hexanol and diethyl carbonate as reactants and acidic ion-exchange resins as catalysts. Liquid-phase experiments were performed in a batch reactor at the temperature range of 403-463 K and 2.5 MPa. The formation of ethyl hexyl ether proceeded from two routes: thermal decomposition of ethyl hexyl carbonate and intermolecular dehydration of 1-hexanol with ethanol. Both pathways require a previous transesterification reaction between diethyl carbonate and 1-hexanol. It was revealed that this reaction is favoured in polymer zones of 0.4 nm nm-3 polymer density (equivalent to 2.6 nm diameter pores in inorganic materials). Acidic ion-exchange resins containing a significant volume fraction of this polymer density are Dowex 50W×2 and Amberlyst 70. By using this kind of catalyst, reaction rate and selectivity are significantly increased. Finally, it was observed that working at low temperature would favour the selectivity to ethyl hexyl carbonate and hinder the undesired formation of alkenes. This journal is
A useful conversion of alcohols to alkyl fluorides
Flosser, David A,Olofson, Roy A
, p. 4275 - 4279 (2007/10/03)
A useful conversion of alcohols to alkyl fluorides via their fluoroformates is introduced. The fluoroformates are obtained in nearly quantitative yield from the alcohols by treatment with COF2 (generated in situ from bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate) in ether with KF as an added acid scavenger. The neat fluoroformates are cleaved to the fluorides by heating at 120-125°C using hexabutylguanidinium fluoride (HBGF) as the catalyst.
FREE-RADICAL CHLORINATION OF ACETALS AND ORTHO ESTERS
Rol'nik, L. Z.,Pastushenko, E. V.,Zlot-skii, S. S.,Rakhmankulov, D. L.
, p. 1498 - 1500 (2007/10/02)
The chlorination of 1,3-dioxolane and ortho esters (trihexyloxymethane and 2-hexyloxy-1,3-dioxolane) in the presence of azobisisobutyronitrile was studied. 2-Chloroethyl formate is formed in the case of dioxolane and 2-chloroethyl formate, ethylene carbonate, and hexyl chloride are formed in the case of 2-hexyloxy-1,3-dioxolane.
JOINT HOMOLYTIC LIQUID-PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS OF ALKYL ORTHOFORMATES AND ACETALS
Kostyukevich, L. L.,Kalashnikov, S. M.,Pastushenko, E. V.,Zlot-skii, S. S.,Rakhmankulov, D. L.
, p. 1664 - 1666 (2007/10/02)
The reaction kinetics and the reactivity of ethyl orthoformate were studied in joint transformations with 1,3-dioxane, 1,1-dialkoxyalkanes, and hexyl orthoformate, initiated by tert-butyl peroxide.It was established that the corresponding dialkyl carbonates and esters are formed as a result of specific radical-chain transformations.From the ratio of the products in the range 120-150 deg C it was determined that alkyl orthoformates are more reactive than linear and cyclic acetals.
FREE-RADICAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF ALKYL ORTHOFORMATES IN THE LIQUID PHASE
Kostyukevich, L. L.,Kalashnikov, S. M.,Pastushenko, E. V.,Zlot-skii, S. S.,Rakhmankulov, D. L.
, p. 1659 - 1663 (2007/10/02)
The homolytic liquid-phase reactions of trialkoxymethanes, initiated by tert-butoxyl radicals, in the range 120-150 deg C were investigated.A mechanism of an unbranched chain process was established for the fragmentation of the trialkoxymethanes with quadratic determination at the alkyl radicals; as a result the corresponding dialkyl carbonates, alkyl formates, alkanes, and carbonyl compounds are obtained.The relative rate constants (k3/k4) of the chain propagation and termination reactions and the kinetic parameteres of the transformations of the ortho esterswere calculated.The differences in the activation energies for cleavage of the C-H bonds adjacent to one and three oxygen atoms was determined (ΔE = 5.0-6.0 kcal/mole).The trialkoxymethanes are close in reactivity to 1,3-dioxanes, are inferior to 1,3-dioxolanes, and superior to dialkoxymethanes.
FREE-RADICAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF TRIALKOXYMETHANES IN POLYHALOGENOALKANE MEDIA
Rol'nik, L. Z.,Kalashnikov, S. M.,Pastushenko, E. V.,Zlot-skii, S. S.,Rakhmankulov, D. L.
, p. 2246 - 2249 (2007/10/02)
The free-radical transformations of trialkoxymethanes in chloroform, bromoform, and carbon tetrachloride lead to the formation of the corresponding dialkyl carbonates, alkyl formates, alkanes, alkanals, halogenoalkanes, and α-halogeno ortho esters.A mechanism for the transformations is proposed, and the reactivity of the various C-H bonds in the trialkoxymethane molecules is evaluated; the bond adjacent to the three oxygen atoms is most active.
