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75-44-5Relevant articles and documents
Transition-metal-catalyzed oxidation of carbon monoxide by dichlorine to produce phosgene
Calderazzo, Fausto,Belli Dell'Amico, Daniela
, p. 3639 - 3642 (1982)
Halometal carbonyls of gold, palladium, and platinum catalyze the formation of COCl2 from carbon monoxide and dichlorine at atmospheric pressure and room temperature under exclusion of light. Semiquantitative data show that the catalytic efficiency in this homogeneous process is Au > Pd > Pt. Attack at the carbonyl carbon of soluble halo-carbonyl complexes by coordinated chloride or by dichlorine to give unstable M-C(O)-Cl groupings is believed to be operative in these processes.
ULTRAVIOLET PHOTOOXIDATION FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF VOCS IN AIR
Bhowmick, Madhumita,Semmens, Michael
, p. 2407 - 2416 (1994)
Air stripping is an effective and economical process for removing volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) from contaminated water sources. However the air stripping process simply transfers the contaminants from the water to the air phase where they may continue to pose an environmental problem. In this study, the use of ultraviolet light (u.v.) photooxidation for treating the off gas from air stripping is examined. Subsequent papers will address linking u.v. photooxidation with air stripping in a closed loop stripping process. Fundamental studies are conducted to characterize the kinetics of the gas phase photooxidation of five volatile chlorinated alkanes and alkenes under different operating conditions. - Keywords: u.v.; volatile organic compounds; photooxidation; kinetics; gas phase; water treatment
In situ solid-state NMR studies of trichloroethylene photocatalysis: Formation and characterization of surface-bound intermediates
Hwang, Son-Jong,Petucci, Chris,Raftery, Daniel
, p. 4388 - 4397 (1998)
In situ solid-state NMR methodologies have been employed to investigate the photocatalytic oxidation of trichloroethylene (TCE) over two TiO2-based catalysts, Degussa P-25 powder and a monolayer TiO2 catalyst dispersed on porous Vycor glass. 13C magic angle spinning (MAS) experiments reveal that similar reaction intermediates form on the surfaces of both catalysts. Long- lived intermediates, including dichloroacetyl chloride (Cl2HCCOC1, DCAC), carbon monoxide, and pentachloroethane and final products CO2, phosgene (Cl2CO), and HCl were observed under dry conditions. The presence of molecular oxygen was found to be essential for TCE photooxidation to proceed. Adsorbed water was found to greatly reduce the formation of phosgene. The formation of surface-bound dichloroacetate and trichloroacetate species was observed and identified via 13C cross polarization MAS experiments. Dichloroacetate, which forms from mobile DCAC, appears to be bound to the nonirradiated surfaces of the powdered TiO2 catalysts and further degradation was not possible. Formation of di- and trichloroacetate also takes place on the TiO2/PVG catalyst in the absence of light; however, their concentrations are low. Degradation studies of these surface-bound species indicate that the photooxidation of dichloroacetate, is slow and results in the formation of phosgene and CO2, while trichloroacetate remains resistive to degradation on the TiO2/PVG catalyst. Our results also indicate that the formation of DCAC and phosgene seems to be a general result of TCE degradation which is not limited to TiO2 photocatalysis but instead may be more characteristic of the types of initiating species which are formed by UV irradiation. However, the TiO2 surface is the most effective in terms of the observed initial rates of degradation.
Reaction of carbon tetrachloride with hydrogen peroxide
Tatarova,Trofimova,Gorban',Khaliullin
, p. 1403 - 1406 (2004)
Reaction of carbon tetrachloride with aqueous hydrogen peroxide in the presence of anhydrous iron(III) chloride was studied. Optimal conditions for the preparation of phosgene were found on the basis of analysis of the kinetic data and mechanism of the process. The reaction rate and yield (the latter reaching 95% in the stationary mode) are determined mainly by the amount of the heterogeneous catalyst. According to the experimental data, the reaction follows a radical mechanism.
A simplified [11C]phosgene synthesis
Bramoullé, Yann,Roeda, Dirk,Dollé, Frédéric
, p. 313 - 316 (2010)
A new flow-through system for the production of [11C]phosgene, a versatile labelling agent in radiochemistry for PET, is described. Cyclotron-produced [11C]CH4 is mixed with Cl2 and converted into [11C]CCl4 by passing the mixture through an empty quartz tube at 510 °C. The outflow is directed through a Sb-filled guard that takes out Cl2 and then, without intentional O2 addition, through a second empty quartz tube at 750 °C, giving rise to [11C]phosgene in 30-35% radiochemical yield.
Bent Carbon Surface Moieties as Active Sites on Carbon Catalysts for Phosgene Synthesis
Gupta, Navneet K.,Pashigreva, Anastasia,Pidko, Evgeny A.,Hensen, Emiel J. M.,Mleczko, Leslaw,Roggan, Stefan,Ember, Erika E.,Lercher, Johannes A.
, p. 1728 - 1732 (2016)
Active sites in carbon-catalyzed phosgene synthesis from gaseous CO and Cl2 have been identified using C60 fullerene as a model catalyst. The carbon atoms distorted from sp2 coordination in non-planar carbon units are concluded to generate active Cl2. Experiments and density functional theory calculations indicate the formation of a surface-bound [C60?Cl2] chlorine species with radical character as key intermediate during phosgene formation. It reacts rapidly with physisorbed CO in a two-step Eley-Rideal-type mechanism.
CCl4 chemistry on the reduced selvedge of a α-Fe 2O3(0 0 0 1) surface: A scanning tunneling microscopy study
Rim, Kwang Taeg,Fitts, Jeffrey P.,Müller, Thomas,Adib, Kaveh,Camillone III, Nicholas,Osgood, Richard M.,Joyce,Flynn, George W.
, p. 59 - 75 (2003)
Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and low energy electron diffraction (LEED) were used to study the degradation of CCl4 on the reduced selvedge of a natural single crystal α-Fe2O3(0001) surface in ultrahigh vacuum. Before exposure to CCl4, STM images indicate that approximately 85% of the reduced surface exhibits a Fe 3O4(111) 2×2 termination, while the remaining 15% is terminated by 1×1 and superstructure phases. Images obtained after room temperature dosing with CCl4 and subsequent flashing to 600 K reveal that chlorine atoms are adsorbed only on surface regions with the Fe 3O4(111) 2×2 termination, not on 1×1 and superstructure regions. Chlorine atoms from dissociative adsorption of CCl 4 are observed to occupy two distinct positions located atop lattice protrusions and in threefold oxygen vacancy sites. However, in companion chemical labeling experiments, chlorine atoms provided by room temperature, dissociative Cl2 adsorption on this surface are found to occupy sites atop lattice protrusions exclusively. The clear dissimilarity in STM feature shape and brightness at the two distinct chlorine adsorption sites arising from CCl4 dissociation as well as the results of the Cl 2 chemical labeling experiments are best explained via reactions on a Fe3O4(111) 2×2 selvedge terminated by a 1/4 monolayer of tetrahedrally coordinated iron atoms. On this surface, adsorption atop an iron atom occurs for both the CCl4 and Cl2 dissociative reactions. A second adsorption site, assigned as binding to second layer iron atoms left exposed following surface oxygen atom abstraction resulting in the formation of phosgene (COCl2), only appears in the case of reaction with CCl4. The reaction mechanism and active site requirements for CCl4 degradation on iron oxide surfaces are discussed in light of this evidence and in the context of our previously reported results from Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), LEED, temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies.
Photodecomposition of chloroform catalyzed by unmodified MCM-41 mesoporous silica
Pena, Laura A.,Chan, Alissa M.,Cohen, Larissa R.,Hou, Karen,Harvey, Brent M.,Hoggard, Patrick E.
, p. 760 - 766 (2014)
Unactivated MCM-41 mesoporous silica catalyzes the photodecomposition of chloroform to phosgene and hydrogen chloride under near-UV (λ > 360 nm) irradiation. The rate of photodecomposition increases toward an asymptotic limit as the O2 partial pressure is increased. Deuterochloroform does not decompose under the same experimental conditions. Low concentrations of both cyclohexane and ethanol quench the photodecomposition, whereas water, up to its solubility limit, does not. Dissolved tetraalkylammonium salts suppress photodecomposition. The data are consistent with a mechanism in which light absorption by an SiO2 defect yields an electron-deficient oxygen atom, which then abstracts hydrogen from chloroform. The resulting CCl 3 radicals react with oxygen to form a peroxy radical that decomposes, eventually yielding phosgene and hydrogen chloride. Unmodified MCM-41 silica catalyzes the photodecomposition of chloroform under near-UV irradiation. It is proposed that decomposition is initiated through hydrogen abstraction from chloroform at a photoactive SiO2 defect site.
New members of an old family: Isolation of IC(O)CI and IC(O)Br and evidence for the formation of weakly bound Br...CO
Romano, Rosana M.,Della Vedova, Carlos O.,Downs, Anthony J.,Tobon, Yeny A.,Willner, Helge
, p. 3241 - 3248 (2005)
The photochemically induced reactions of a dihalogen, XY, with CO isolated together in an Ar matrix at about 15 K lead to the formation of carbonyl dihalide molecules XC(O)Y, where X and Y may be the same or different halogen atoms, Cl, Br, or I. In addition to the known compounds OCCI2, OCBr2, and BrC(O)Cl, the carbonyl iodide chloride, IC(0)Cl, and carbonyl iodide bromide, IC(O)C, compounds have thus been identified for the first time as products of the reactions involving ICl and IBr, respectively. The first product to be formed in reactions with Cl2, BrCl, or ICI is the CICO radical, which reacts subsequently with a second halogen atom to give the corresponding carbonyl dihalide [OCCI2, BrC(O)Cl, or IC(O)Cl]. The analogous reaction with Br2 affords, in low yield, the unusually weakly bound BrCO radical, better described as a van der Waals complex, Br...CO. The changes have been followed and the products characterized experimentally by their infrared spectra, and the spectra have been analyzed in light of the results afforded by ab initio (Hartree-Fock and Moeller-Plesset second-order) and density functional theory calculations.
Carbonyl dihalides: Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization
Parkington, Michael J.,Ryan, T. Anthony,Seddon, Kenneth R.
, p. 251 - 256 (1997)
New, or improved, syntheses of phosgene, carbonyl bromide chloride and carbonyl bromide fluoride have been elaborated. The NMR (13C, 19F and 17O) and electron impact mass spectra were recorded for COX2 (X = F, C