786-50-5

Usage

Uses

Used in Pharmaceutical Synthesis:
10-(Chloroacetyl)-10H-phenothiazine is used as a key intermediate in the synthesis of phenothiazine-based pharmaceutical compounds. Its chloroacetyl group can be further modified or used to attach other functional groups, leading to the development of new drugs with specific therapeutic properties.
Used in Anticancer Drug Development:
10-(Chloroacetyl)-10H-phenothiazine is used as a precursor for the synthesis of phenstatin analogues, which exhibit anti-proliferative activity. These analogues have the potential to inhibit the growth of cancer cells by interacting with tubulin, a protein that plays a crucial role in cell division. This interaction can lead to the disruption of the cell cycle and the eventual death of cancerous cells.
Used in Medicinal Chemistry Research:
10-(Chloroacetyl)-10H-phenothiazine serves as a valuable compound in medicinal chemistry research, where it can be used to explore the structure-activity relationships of phenothiazine derivatives. By studying the effects of various modifications to the chloroacetyl group and other parts of the molecule, researchers can gain insights into the design of more effective and targeted therapeutic agents.

InChI:InChI=1/C14H10ClNOS/c15-9-14(17)16-10-5-1-3-7-12(10)18-13-8-4-2-6-11(13)16/h1-8H,9H2

Upstream product

• 92-84-2 10H-phenothiazine 
• 79-04-9 chloroacetyl chloride 

Downstream Products

• 88842-85-7 10-[(2,4,6-trioxo-5-phenyl-hexahydro-pyrimidin-5-yl)-acetyl]-10H-phenothiazine 
• 58754-66-8 10-[(4,4-diethyl-3,5-dioxo-2-phenyl-pyrazolidin-1-yl)-acetyl]-10H-phenothiazine 
• 58754-70-4 10-{N-[4-(2,3-dihydroxy-propoxy)-phenyl]-glycyl}-10H-phenothiazine 
• 63834-19-5 10-pyrrolidinoacetyl-phenothiazine 
• 92-84-2 10H-phenothiazine 
• 420-04-2 CYANAMID 
• 126588-17-8 [4-Oxo-thiazolidin-(2Z)-ylidene]-thiophosphoramidic acid O,O'-diisopropyl ester 
• 126588-21-4 10-<<(diisopropoxyphosphinothioyl)thio>acetyl>phenothiazine 
• 80491-63-0 10-(m-Acetylphenoxyacetyl)phenothiazine 
• 80838-35-3 N-[2-Methyl-4-(2-oxo-2-phenothiazin-10-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl]-acetamide 
• 80838-40-0 N-[3-Methyl-4-(2-oxo-2-phenothiazin-10-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl]-acetamide 
• 80838-32-0 10-<2-(2,3-dihydroxypropyloxy)>phenylaminoacetylphenothiazine 
• 119003-43-9 2-<(diisopropoxyphosphinothioyl)imino>-3-phenyl-4-thiazolidinone 
• 80491-62-9 10-(o-Acetylphenoxyacetyl)phenothiazine 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Dithiocarbamate substituted phenothiazine derivatives: In silico experiments, synthesis, and biological evaluation

Objective: The present study was designed to study the anticancer activity of a series of novel analogs of phenothiazine with dithiocarbamate as a side chain. Methods: A novel series of derivatives containing dithiocarbamate as a side chain at the tenth position of phenothiazine nucleus were synthesized, characterized by spectral analysis, and evaluated for their antimitotic and antioxidant activity using germinated Bengal gram seeds and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, respectively. A quantitative estimate of drug-likeness was also performed, which calculated the molecular properties and screened the molecules based on drug-likeness rules. Further, molecular docking study was performed for finding the binding affinity with tubulin protein to rationalize their anticancer activity. Results: The results revealed that the antioxidant activity of compounds 3e, 3g, 3i, 3j and standard Ascorbic acid were 10 mmol, 14 mmol, 16 mmol, 16 mmol and 35 mmol, respectively. Further compounds 3e, 3g, 3h and 3i have shown promising antimitotic activity. Compound 3i (-9 K. Cal/mol) showed the highest binding energies towards tubulin protein when compared to standard drug colchicine (-8.6 K. Cal/mol). Among all, compound 3i showed promising antimitotic and antioxidant activity, which correlated with insilico docking studies. Conclusion: Dithiocarbamate substituted phenothiazine derivatives proved to be encouraging leads as tubulin inhibitors.

Benzylidene thiazolidinediones: Synthesis, in vitro investigations of antiproliferative mechanisms and in vivo efficacy determination in combination with Imatinib

Thiazolidinedione (TZD) has been an interesting scaffold due to its proven antidiabetic activity and encouraging findings in anticancer drug discovery. We synthesised benzylidene thiazolidinedione derivatives which exhibited excellent antiproliferative effects in chronic myeloid leukemic cells K562 and the most active compounds 3t and 3x had GI50 value of 0.9 and 0.23 μM respectively. Both the compound was found to arrest the growth of K562 cells in G0/G1 phase in a time and dose dependent manner. Further, western blot analysis revealed that 3t and 3x could also inhibit the expression of cell proliferation markers, PCNA and Cyclin D1 and compound 3x up-regulated apoptosis markers, cleaved PARP1 and activated caspase 3, which could be a possible mechanism for the excellent antiproliferative effects exhibited by these compounds. In vitro combination studies of 3t and 3x with Imatinib found to potentiate the antitumor effects of Imatinib. Further in vivo efficacy in K562 xenografts, of 3t and 3x alone and in combination with Imatinib was found to be promising and far better than control group and combination treatment was found to be more effective as compared to only Imatinib treated or test compound treated animals. Thus, our findings suggest that these compounds are promising antitumor agents and could help to enhance the anticancer effects of Imatinib and other tyrosine kinase inhibitors, when used in combination.

An Inhibitor of the Interaction of Survivin with Smac in Mitochondria Promotes Apoptosis

Herein we report the first small molecule that disrupts the survivin-Smac interaction taking place in mitochondria. The inhibitor, PZ-6-QN, was identified by initially screening a phenothiazine library using a fluorescence anisotropy assay and then conducting a structure–activity relationship study. Mutagenesis and molecular docking studies suggest that PZ-6-QN binds to survivin similarly to the known Smac peptide, AVPI. The results of the effort also show that PZ-6-QN exhibits good anticancer activity against various cancer cells. Moreover, cell-based mechanistic studies provide evidence for the proposal that PZ-6-QN enters mitochondria to inhibit the survivin-Smac interaction and promotes release of Smac and cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytosol, a process that induces apoptosis in cancer cells. Overall, the present study suggests that PZ-6-QN can serve as a novel chemical probe for study of processes associated with the mitochondrial survivin-Smac interaction and it will aid the discovery of novel anticancer agents.

Phenothiazines nitric oxide donor, its preparation and use

The invention discloses a kind of phenothiazine-containing nitric oxide donor compounds with the structure of a formula I. In the formula I, n is equal to 0, 1 or 2, R1 is hydrogen, halogens, C1-C4 branched or linear alkyl, or halogenated C1-C4 branched or linear alkyl, and R2 is hydrogen or C1-C4 branched or linear alkyl. The invention also discloses a preparation method of the compounds, and discloses a pharmaceutical composition taking the compounds as an active composition, and application of the compounds as anti-tumor medicines, especially to prepare medicines for treating breast cancer, lung cancer and stomach cancer.

Inhibitory effect of phenothiazine- and phenoxazine-derived chloroacetamides on Leishmania major growth and Trypanosoma brucei trypanothione reductase

A number of phenothiazine-, phenoxazine- and related tricyclics-derived chloroacetamides were synthesized and evaluated in vitro for antiprotozoal activities against Leishmania major (L. major) promastigotes. Several analogs were remarkably potent inhibitors, with antileishmanial activities being comparable or superior to those of the reference antiprotozoal drugs. Furthermore, we explored the structure-activity relationships of N-10 haloacetamides that influence the potency of such analogs toward inhibition of L. major promastigote growth in vitro. With respect to the mechanism of action, selected compounds were evaluated for time-dependent inactivation of Trypanosoma brucei trypanothione reductase. Our results are indicative of a covalent interaction which could account for potent antiprotozoal activities.

Design of new phenothiazine-thiadiazole hybrids via molecular hybridization approach for the development of potent antitubercular agents

A new library of phenothiazine and 1,3,4-thiadiazole hybrid derivatives (5a-u) was designed based on the molecular hybridization approach and the molecules were synthesized in excellent yields using a facile single-step chloro-amine coupling reaction between 2-chloro-1-(10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)ethanones and 2-amino-5-subsituted-1,3,4-thiadiazoles. The compounds were evaluated for their in vitro inhibition activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (MTB). Compounds 5g and 5n were emerged as the most active compounds of the series with MIC of 0.8 μg/mL (～1.9 μM). Also, compounds 5a, 5b, 5c, 5e, 5l and 5m (MIC = 1.6 μg/mL), and compounds 5j, 5k and 5o (MIC = 3.125 μg/mL) showed significant inhibition activity. The structure-activity relationship demonstrated that an alkyl (methyl/npropyl) or substituted (4-methyl/4-Cl/4-F) phenyl groups on the 1,3,4-thiadiazole ring enhance the inhibition activity of the compounds. The cytotoxicity study revealed that none of the active molecules are toxic to a normal Vero cell line thus proving the lack of general cellular toxicity. Further, the active molecules were subjected to molecular docking studies with target enzymes InhA and CYP121.

Design and synthesis of tacrine-phenothiazine hybrids as multitarget drugs for Alzheimer's disease

Tacrine is well-known drug for Alzheimer's disease as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Rember is a bright and promising AD drugs targeting tau protein, and it is currently in Phase III clinical trials. Phenothiazine, the key pharmacophore of Rember, can prevent tau filament formation. In this work, several tacrine-phenothiazine hybrids (T1-T26) were designed for inhibiting acetylcholinesterase and tau protein involved in Alzheimer's disease. After initial screening with the help of computational chemistry software and Molegro Virtual Docker, three molecules (T5, T18, and T22) were selected for further synthesis and biological evaluation. Next, T5, T18, and T22 were synthesized and evaluated for their acetylcholinesterase and tau hyperphosphorylation inhibition. All the tested compounds had better acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity compared with tacrine. Among them, compound T5 was found to be the most potent compound with IC50 89 nM. Meanwhile, T5 markedly prevented tau hyperphosphorylation induced by okadaic acid in N2α cell. Its P-tau level was decreased with 39.5 % inhibition when tested at 10-5 M, lower than that Rember (55.7 %). Besides acetylcholinesterase and tau hyperphosphorylation inhibition, T5 can also interact with fibrill beta amyloid using surface plasmon resonance, the data of KD were 5.51 × 10-8 M. All the above results indicated that tacrine-phenothiazine hybrids are potential multitarget directed ligands targeting acetylcholinesterase, tau protein, and beta amyloid.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1-(3-chloro-2-oxo-4-phenylazetidin- 1-yl)-3-(2-oxo-2-(10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)ethyl)urea derivatives

A new series of eleven novel 1-(3-chloro-2-oxo-4-phenylazetidin-1yl)-3-(2- oxo-2-(10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)ethyl)urea derivatives were synthesized by cyclocondensation of various Schiff bases of phenothiazine with chloroacetyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine. Various Schiff bases of phenothiazine were synthesized by condensation of 4-(2-oxo-2-(10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)ethyl semicarbazide with various aryl aldehydes. The synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, MASS and 1H NMR spectral data and evaluated for in vitro antimicrobial, antitubercular, antioxidant and anticancer activities by disc diffusion method, MIC method, REMA, DPPH, FRAP and MTT assay method, respectively. All synthesized compounds showed moderate-to-significant anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activity and compound 4d, 4g, 4h and 4k showed good antioxidant activity with EC50 value of 55, 57, 56 and 47 μg/ml tested by DPPH method. The compounds 4j at a concentration of 10 μg/ml showed inhibition against the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and 4f showed significant activity against human cervical cancer cell line with IC50 values of 18.26 μM.

New farnesyltransferase inhibitors in the phenothiazine series

The biological screening of the chemical library of our Organic Chemistry Department, carried out on an automated fluorescence-based FTase assay, allowed us to discover that a phenothiazine derivative (1d) was an inhibitor of farnesyltransferase. Three new series of human farnesyltransferase inhibitors, based on a phenothiazine scaffold, were synthesized with protein farnesyltransferase inhibition potencies in the low micromolar range. Ester derivative 9d was the most active compound in these series. Four synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antiproliferative activity on a NCI-60 cancer cell line panel. The modest results obtained in this preliminary investigation showed that mixing the phenothiazine and the 1,2,3-triazole motif in the structure of a single compound can lead to new scaffolds in the field of farnesyltransferase inhibitors.

A facile and efficient method for the selective deacylation of N-arylacetamides and 2-chloro-Narylacetamides catalyzed by SOCl2

Thionyl chloride efficiently and selectively promoted the deacylation of N-arylacetamides and 2-chloro-N-arylacetamides, under anhydrous conditions, without effecting the ester group, aminosulfonyl group, or benzyloxyamide group. This method, which has been successfully applied to a variety of substrates including different N-arylacetamides and 2-chloro-N-arylacetamides, has the attractive advantages of inexpensive reagents, satisfactory selectivity, excellent yields, short reaction time, and convenient workup. This new method can probably be used to selectively deacylate between aromatic amides and alkyl amides. Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011.