9003-05-8 Usage
Description
Polyacrylamide is a high molecular weight polymer formed from acrylamide subunits. It is a white powder or granular substance with a molecular weight ranging from 5,000,000 to 30,000,000 and a degree of hydrolysis between 6-45%. Polyacrylamide is easily soluble in cold water upon rapid mechanical stirring, forming a transparent adhesive solution. It has moderate hygroscopic properties and can be stored for long-term without significant changes in viscosity. The polymer exhibits a linear correlation between viscosity and molecular weight, and it is non-toxic unless it contains polymerized monomers.
Uses
1. Hair and Nail Care Industry:
Polyacrylamide is used as a binder, film former, and fixative in hair and nail care preparations due to its ability to form a transparent adhesive solution and provide a protective film.
2. Skin Care Industry:
Although its use in skin care is less common than in hair and nail care, polyacrylamide is still used in some hand and body lotions and cleansing creams for its binding and film-forming properties.
3. Water Treatment Industry:
Polyacrylamide is used as a flocculant in water treatment processes to remove non-dispersing low solid phase mud and improve water quality.
4. Petroleum Geology Drilling:
It is used in petroleum geology drilling configurations for removing non-dispersing low solid phase mud and as a flocculant agent.
5. Sugar Industry:
Polyacrylamide serves as a setting agent and film former in the sugar industry, aiding in the crystallization and solidification processes.
6. Textile and Paper Industry:
It is used as a soil conditioner, flocculants, and in textile and paper sizing reinforcement for its binding and film-forming properties.
7. Coal and Oil Fields:
Polyacrylamide is used in coal and oil fields as an efficient flocculant for neutral and alkaline mediums, as well as a drilling mud additive.
8. Environmental Protection:
It is used as a sewage treatment agent and for various environmental protection applications due to its flocculation, thickening, and dispersing properties.
9. Building Materials and Agricultural Production:
Polyacrylamide is used as a soil stabilizing agent and in the production of building materials and agricultural products for its binding and film-forming properties.
10. Petrochemical, Metallurgy, Coal, and Mineral Processing Industries:
It is widely used in these industries as a precipitation flocculant, oil field water thickener, drilling mud treatment agent, textile pulp, paper reinforcing agent, fiber modifier, and more.
11. Scientific Research:
Polyacrylamide is extensively used in applications such as polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a technique used for separating and analyzing proteins and nucleic acids in a research setting.
12. Intelligent Swelling/Collapsing Copolymer:
It can be used as a temperatureand pH-sensitive material in various applications due to its responsive properties.
High polymer
Polyacrylamide, also briefly referred as PAM, is commonly a polymer with acrylamide monomers bonded connected by end to end configuration; it is a hard glassy solid at room temperature. Because of the difference in production methods, the products can be white powder, translucent beads and flaky like. Its density is 1.302 g/cm3 (23 °C) with glass transition temperature being 153 °C and softening temperature being 210 °C. It has good thermal stability and is soluble in water; its aqueous solution is clear and transparent with its viscosity increasing with increased molecular weight of the polymer, and also having a logarithmic relationship with the change in concentration of the polymer. Except for a few solvent such as acetic acid, acrylic acid, ethylene glycol, glycerol and formamide, it is generally insoluble in organic solvents.
It is formed by the polymerization of free acrylamide monomer radical. It can be produced by several methods such as solution polymerization, inverse emulsion polymerization, suspension polymerization and solid state polymerization. Demanded product should have controllable molecular weight, good water solubility and with little residual monomers.
PAM is one of the most widely used water-soluble polymer species with a large number of pendant amide groups presenting on its molecular backbone. Amide group has a high chemical activity which can forms a series of derivatives with many kinds of compounds. Polyacrylamide has effects of flocculation, thickening, drag reduction, adhesive, colloidal stabilizing, filming and preventing scale. It is widely used in papermaking, mining, coal washing, metallurgy, oil exploitation and other industrial sectors and is also a important chemical for water treatment.
Figure 1 The synthetic route of polyacrylamide.
Anionic and cationic polyacrylamide
Polyacrylamide is non-toxic and with a high molecular weight and is highly water soluble, and can introduce a variety of ionic groups for adjusting the molecular weight to obtain specific performance; it has good adhesion to many solid surface and dissolved substances, and can adhere or bridge the suspended particles dispersed in the solution for flocculation of them which is easy for filtration and separation.
Anionic polyacrylamide can be used as a cytoplasm additive in the paper industry with better retention and drainage effect. It has a particularly dispersing effect for long-fiber pulp when its molecular weight is greater than 3.5 million. In addition, it can also be used as a water treatment agent. In petroleum industry, it can be used as oilfield mud additives, thickeners, and settling agents. In coal industry, it is used as coal-washing additive.
Anionic polyacrylamide has generally two ways of preparation, one is copolymerization, which was prepared by the copolymerization of acrylamide and acrylic acid or sodium acrylate aqueous solution; the other is the chemical conversion method, that is, from partial alkaline hydrolysis of polypropylene amide, or prepared by alkaline hydrolysis of poly-acrylonitrile. Here is copolymerization method whose procedure is simple and easy to control. The specific method is by mixing the 20% acrylamide and sodium acrylate aqueous solution in certain ratio. 200 parts of this mixed monomer were added about 1 part of 1% EDTA solution, and then add it into 460 parts of deionized water; then add 2-3 parts of both 5% ammonium persulfate and sodium hydrogen sulfite solution under continuous flow of nitrogen, stir for 3-4 hours at 40~50 °C.
Figure 2 The synthetic route of Anionic polyacrylamide.
Cationic polyacrylamide is cationic, and thus having strong flocculation and absorption ability on the anionic material such as cellulose. As retention aids in the paper industry, it can increase filler and fines retention; as a filter aid, it has a strong flocculation effects on slurry and can accelerate the filtration accelerated of the wet in the wire section layer of paper machine; as a neutral sizing precipitating agent, it can partly substitute alum, and making rosin gum be precipitated and adhered between the fibers at higher pH. Ti can also accelerate the settlement of fibers in the white water and the flocculation of the suspended solids in pulp waste water, and thus can be used for waste water processing.
Preparation: the polymerization of acrylamide aqueous solution is a common method for preparing polyacrylamide. According to the trigger mode, there are different methods such as thermal initiator and oxidation-reduction induction. Polymer prepared by persulfate thermal initiating has relative small molecular weight at about 20 to about 1,000,000. On the other hand, polymer produced with oxidation-reduction method usually have relative high molecular weight polymer, up to about 300 to 400 million. For the application of retention and drainage aid in paper industry, it is better to apply polyacrylamide with higher molecular weight. The following is oxidation-reduction triggering polymerization. The resulting polymer, under alkaline conditions, is subject to Hofmann degradation reaction of amide in the sodium hypochlorite solution to obtain the acrylamide-amino-ethylene copolymer containing about 1% of free amino group.
Finally, neutralize with hydrochloric acid and further adjust to pH 5.5 to 6. The resulting product has a cationic property, and is a kind of cationic polyacrylamide with good application performance and low cost.
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is an important means of DNA, RNA and protein analysis and separation. Ions and charged molecules mobilize in electric field with the mobility rate being related to their molecular size and shape, the strength of the molecular charge, the current strength and the resistance of the media to the current and therefore forming separate bands.
1. DNA polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: PAGE can separated the substances according to their differences on charge, molecular size and the shape, thus having a molecular sieve effect as well as an electrostatic effect; it has a higher resolution than agarose gel electrophoresis and is suitable for the isolation of DNA oligonucleotides and its sequence analysis. Compared with agarose gel electrophoresis, it has the following advantages:
(1)A stronger distinguishing ability, though the maximum fragment is 500 times as long as the smallest fragment length, they can still be well separated;
(2) Capable of loading a higher amount of DNA than agarose gel;
(3)The purity recovered from PAGE recovered is high which is suitable for demanding experiments.
2. RNA polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (gel electrophoresis with vertical plate): it can isolate and analyze several different RNA samples or large doses of RNA samples simultaneously.
3. Protein polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis:
(1)The basic principle of SDS denaturing in-continuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is based on differences in the molecular weight of the protein, SDS is an anionic surfactant, capable of binding with the hydrophobic portion of the protein thus making the protein bring a large number of anions SDS. Protein molecules thus bring a lot of negative charge which is far beyond its original charge. Thus the difference between the charges on different proteins has no significant effect. SDS can also make protein structure become loose with converged shape; the mobility rate of SDS-protein complex is only related to molecular weight. PAGE not only has molecular sieve effect but also has concentrated effect. Owing to the effect of the discontinuous pH gradient, the sample is compressed into a narrow band, thereby improving the separation efficiency.
(2)Discontinuous non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: the operation process such as materials, glue and electrophoresis and exactly the same as SDS-PAGE. The only difference is that all reagents are free of SDS.
(3)Continuous non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: electrophoresis system is to use a continuous pH value, and one layer of gel, and one kind of buffer system. The operation is the same as SDS-PAGE.
Production methods
1. Acrylonitrile is hydrated to obtain acrylamide with copper as the catalyst, and further polymerized into polyacrylamide in the action of K2S2O8. Copper-aluminum alloy is converted into catalyst by alkali washing and pour into the hydration reactor. The raw material of acrylonitrile is pumped to storage tanks and then into the measuring tank, pour the water subjecting to post-ion exchange process into the measuring tank and then pump raw materials through the pre-heater continuously into the hydration reactor in proportion; control at 85-125 °C for hydration reaction to obtain aqueous solution of acrylamide with the remaining acrylonitrile recovered through flash column and condenser and further flowed back into the water metering tank for recycling usage and the acrylamide solution flowing from flash tank into the tank; Pump it into high slot to the resin exchange column to become 7-8% monomer after entering into tank, send it to the polymerization reactor to produce gel-like polyacrylamide gel package which is the final product.
2. Colloidal polyacrylamide: add 1 200 kg of deionized water into the hydrolysis reactor, add under stirring of acrylonitrile, 0.3 kg of aluminum hydroxide, cupric hydroxide for complex catalysis, and have hydrolysis reaction at 85~125 °C. After completion of the reaction, distill off the unreacted monomer acrylonitrile. Prepare a 7% to 8% acryloyl aqueous solution, add polymerization vessel and have polymerization reaction upon the triggering of ammonium persulfate.
High molecular weight-polyacrylamide; hydrolyze acrylonitrile at 110~140 °C, 0.3 MPa into acrylamide. Add PAGE into the polymerization vessel containing deionized water, and have reaction for 8 to 24 h in the triggering of 50 mg/kg of ammonium persulfate. Then, it is hydrolyzed into the final product under alkaline conditions and at 70~80 °C.
3. Acrylonitrile is first catalyzed into acrylamide, and then further polymerized into polyacrylamide in the presence of K2S2O8.
4. Add measured acrylonitrile into the reaction vessel; further add a catalytic amount of copper-based catalyst. Stir and warm up to 85~120 °C. The reaction pressure was controlled at 0.29~0.39 MPa. In continuous operation, the feed content was controlled at 6.5% with empty velocity of about 5h-1. The obtained acrylamide was then transferred polymerization vessel; add a certain amount of deionized water. Have the polymerization reaction in the triggering of potassium persulfate; add an appropriate amount of sodium bisulfite at 10 mins after the start of the reaction. Gradually heat to 64 °C, cool the reaction mixture, and have reaction at about 55 °C for 6h. Remove the unreacted monomer at vacuum (80 °C) under reduced pressure to obtain the finished product.
Preparation
Polyacrylamide resembles poly(acrylic acid) and poly(methacrylic acid)
in being water-soluble and, as with those polymers, it is mainly
this property which results in some limited commercial utilization.
Polyacrylamide is prepared by free radical polymerization, using techniques essentially similar to those described for poly(acrylic acid) and poly(methacrylic acid):It may be noted that whereas this reaction gives a vinyl polymer, a different
type of polymer is obtained when polymerization is initiated by a strong base.
In this case, a polyamide (nylon 3) is formed. Active initiators for this type of
polymerization include alkoxides (RO-) and reaction probably takes place
according to the following scheme, which involves the rearrangement of a
carbanion to a more stable amide anion:Polyacrylamide is a hard, brittle material. It is readily soluble in cold water
but solubility in organic compounds is generally very limited. The polymer
undergoes reactions characteristic of the amide group; for example, alkaline
hydrolysis introduces carboxylic groups and reaction with formaldehyde
gives methylol groups.
Polyacrylamide has found use as a ftocculant in the processing of minerals
and in water treatment. Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid are used
to increase the dry strength of paper.
Biochem/physiol Actions
Polyacrylamide is a water-soluble polymer made up of acrylamide subunits. It increases the viscosity of water and facilitates the flocculation of particles present in water.
INDEX
Results
Molecular Weight
5000000-30000000
Degree of Hydrolysis
6-45%
Solid Content
89% min
Dissolving Time
60 minutes max
Effective pH Range
5~14
Residual Monomer
0.1% max
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 9003-05-8 includes 7 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 4 digits, 9,0,0 and 3 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 0 and 5 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 9003-05:
(6*9)+(5*0)+(4*0)+(3*3)+(2*0)+(1*5)=68
68 % 10 = 8
So 9003-05-8 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
9003-05-8Relevant articles and documents
Using bifunctional polymers presenting vancomycin and fluorescein groups to direct anti-fluorescein antibodies to self-assembled monolayers presenting D-alanine-D-alanine groups
Metallo, Steven J.,Kane, Ravi S.,Holmlin, R. Erik,Whitesides, George M.
, p. 4534 - 4540 (2003)
This paper describes the synthesis of bifunctional polyacrylamides containing pendant vancomycin (Van) and fluorescein groups, and the use of these polymers to direct antibodies against fluorescein to self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) presenting D-alanine-D-alanine (DADA) groups. These polymers bind biospecifically to these SAMs via interactions between the DADA and Van groups and serve as a molecular bridge between the anti-fluorescein antibodies and the SAM. The binding events were characterized using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy. The paper demonstrates that polyvalent, biospecific, noncovalent interactions between a polymer and a surface can be used to tailor the properties of the surface in molecular recognition. It also represents a first step toward the design of polymers that direct arbitrarily chosen antibodies to the surfaces of cells.
